Unit 2 lesson 2.1-2.3 review Flashcards
What is the only form of energy that organisms can use
Chemical
What is the second law of thermodynamics
-Energy transfers are never 100% effetient
- They are always followed by a loss of energy in the form of heat.
Is oxidation endothermic or exothermic
Exotheric
List the characteristics of oxidation
-gain oxygen
-loss of electrons
-loss of H+
-Loss of energy
List characteristics of reduction
-loss of oxygen
-gain of electrons
-gain of H+
-Gain of energy
What is Entropy
A measurement of the degree of randomness of energy in a system.
How do enzymes help catalyse a reaction?
By lowering its activation energy
How do enzymes reduce activation energy?
1)Physical stress: Bending & stretching of bonds so less energy needed to break bonds.
2)aa lining the active site: reactive R group aids in the transfer of hydrogen ions to or from the substrate. i.e redox reaction.
3) substrate becomes less stable and reacts more easily with mainly polar amino acid groups.
4) Orientation: 2 different substrate bind to active site brining them together to facilitate new bond formation.
list 6 affects enzyme activity
1) pH
2)Tempreture
3)Concentration of substance
4)Concentration on enzyme
5) Cofactors
6) Coenzymes
pH
Acids and bases interfere with H-bonds between NH3 and COOH in aa and disulfide linkages.
-disrupts the 3 degree sturcture (denatures)
-Cannot fit its substrate.
Tempreture
Works best in 35-40 tempretures
- more than 40 denatues because kinetic energy breaks bond.
Concentraion of substrate
increasing the aount of substrate increases rate of rxns until..
1) all enzymes are saturated with substrate
2) the limiting factor is enzymes
Concentration of enzyme
-increases the amount of enzymes increases rate of rxns as long as…
1) there is unlimiated substrate
2 limiting factor is substrate.
Cofactors
Inorganic prosthetic groups needed to make enzymes active site functional like zinc and iron.
Coenzymes
non-protein organic factors needed for enzyme to function such as vitamins
