Unit 2 - Lesson #1 (Physical Development) Flashcards
1
Q
What is physical development?
A
- Physical development refers to the physical growth from prenatal and birth to adulthood and the development of motor skills (including fine motor (finger movement) and gross motor (walking, control of body)
- Our ability to control our body
- Physical body changes
2
Q
What is Arnod Gesell’s theory?
A
- Influenced by genes → nature
- Rate that development depends on nervous system
- Fixed sequences we have to go through (development on these stages) → discontinuity
- Internal and saw this as additional and had to be in harmony with nervous system
3
Q
What is Esther Thelen’s theory?
A
- Look at external factors → nurture + what you see (not what you don’t see)
- Active & direct exploration →
a) Active - child learns on their own
b) Direct - showing them how (parents, guardians, teachers) - Kids need to explore their environment freely to physically develop
- Outside in perspective
4
Q
What are the 2 lifespan perspectives?
A
- Cephalocaudal Principle
a) Top body develop first, then everything else grow
b) Fastest grow occurs at the top and gradually move down and rest of body
c) Similar to sensory and motor skills development - Proximodistal Pattern
a) Start from inside out (heart brain = internal organs and rest is external, like arms, legs, etc)
b) Maturation fo muscular control of the trunk and arms
c) Arms develop before hands
5
Q
What are the 3 fetal development stages?
A
- germinal period
- embryonic period
- fetal period
6
Q
What is the germinal period?
A
- First 2 weeks
- Lot of cell are developing
- Include cell division and zygote development
- Different cells have different specialized cells (stem cells)
- Attachment of zygote to uterus wall
7
Q
What happens in the embryonic period?
A
- 2-8 weeks
- Quick rapid changes in forming the fetus
- Endoderm - Like internal organs (breathing, eating)
- Ectoderm - outermost layer of cells (nervous system and sensory organs)
amnion (layer around embryo) - Organogenesis → highly vulnerable, careful of impact as process of organ formation for fetus
8
Q
What is the fetal period?
A
- Last 7 months (began after 2 months to birth)
- 3 months = 3 inches long, active can begin moving it’s arm, legs and can even move head
- Four months, fetus is 5 inches and 3.5 ounces
- End of 5th moth, fetus is 11 inches and weighs almost a pound
- During last 2 months, fatty tissue developments and gains the most weight happens in this period → that’s why in early stages, belly don’t show as much
9
Q
What physical development occur in infancy?
A
- Reflexes like sucking, rooting and grasping → naturally (almost reacting) → only form of nutrient is mom
- begin to grow rapidly, gaining 5-6 ounces per week in first month
- Infants will double their birth weight by the 4th month and triple it by their first birthday
- 95% of full term newborns are 18-22 inches long and weight between 5/5 lbs - 10 lbs (most of the time)
- Changes geographically → but the average North American baby is 20 inches long and 7.5 lbs (changes due to weather, food, etc)
- Normal for newborns to lose 5-7% of their body weight in the first few days being on the outside
Year 2 - growth slows
The average 2 year will be 32-35 inches tall and roughly 26-32 lbs
10
Q
What occur in early childhood?
A
- children slim down during this period as the trunks of their bodies lengthen (heads are bigger than body)
- lose top heavy looks by end of preschool
- female growth tend to have more fat issue, while male tends to have muscle tissues
- growth pattens are individualized -> 2 contributions are ethnic origin and nutrition
11
Q
What occurs in mid-late childhood?
A
- Period of slow consistent growth → calm before spurt of adolescence
- Gain 5-7 lbs
- Growth = 2-3 inches per year
- average height = 4ft 2 inches tall
- Average weight 56 lbs
- Body fat decreases, muscle mass and strength increase
12
Q
What is puberty?
A
- Biggest change
- Brain-neuroendocrine process which occurs in early adolescence that provides stimulation of rapid changes that take place during this period of development
13
Q
What are puberty determinants?
A
- Heredity (genes) → when parents, or grandparents start puberty
- Hormones
a) Powerful chemicals secreted by endocrine glands in bloodstream
b) Androgens = male sex hormones
c) Estrogen female sex hormones - Endocrine system (regulates all biological processes)
a) Ensure hormonal stimulation prompts maturation and maintains reproductive capacity - Weight, body fat and leptin (hormone that help regulate energy balance)
a) Can determine when puberty starts especially in girls - Socio-cultural and environmental factors
a) Adolescents in developed areas reach puberty earlier than those in underdeveloped areas (lack of food, lack of housing → push you to develop later)
b) Absence of paternal figure, maltreatment, etc
Males = occur as early as 10 years old to 13 ½ and end around 17-18
Females: first period will occur between 9-15 years old
14
Q
What is the endocrine system?
A
- The endocrine system - regulates how much each hormone is released. This can depend on levels of hormones already in the blood or on levels of other substances in blood (ex. calcium)
a) Stress, infection or changes in fluid and mineral can affect hormone levels
15
Q
What is the endocrine glands?
A
release hormones into the bloodstream. This lets hormones travel to the cells in other parts of the body
