Exam Unit #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What did Arnold Gesell?

A
  • Influenced by their genes (biology)
  • Rate that they develop depends on their nervous system
  • Fixed sequences we have to go through (development on these stages)
  • all internal
  • Saw this as additional and had to be in harmony with the nervous system
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2
Q

What is Esther Thelen?

A
  • External factors
  • What you see is what you do
  • Active - child learns on their own
  • Direct - Showing them how (parents, guardians, teachers)
  • Environment exploration is deeply important to the forming of a child and their brain development
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3
Q

Cephalocaudal Principle:

A
  • Fancy way of saying that development proceeds from the head downward
  • Fastest growth occurs at the top of the head
  • Very similar to sensory & motor skills development

Head → Neck → Shoulders → Middle Trunk

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4
Q

Proximodistal Pattern

A
  • Growth starts at the center of the body and moves out towards extremities
  • Spinal Cord develops first
  • Maturation of muscular control of the trunk & arms
  • Arms develop before hands; Hands & Feet before toes and fingers;
  • Finger muscles are also last to develop (control shoulders and hand first)
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5
Q

What is germinal period?

A
  • Takes place during the first two weeks after conception.
  • Includes creation of a zygote, cell division (begins during this period) and the attachment of a zygote (10-14 days after conception) to the lining of the uterus
  • This process is called mitosis
  • A zygote: begins as a one cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge
  • After one week, the cells start to become specialized for different tasks.
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6
Q

What is the embryonic Period?

A
  • Occurs from 2 - 8 weeks after conception
  • The rate of cell differentiation intensifies, organs begin to appear.
  • Endoderm - inner layer of cells; Digestive and respiratory systems
  • Ectoderm - outermost layer of cells; Nervous system
    Sensory organs
    = Amnion (layer around embryo), umbilical cord (connect to placenta), placenta (oxygen & nutrients).
    = Red blood cells and hormones cannot pass through placenta.
  • Organogenesis is the name given to the process of organ formatting during the first two months of development.
  • During this period high vulnerability to environmental influence.
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7
Q

What is the fetal period?

A
  • Lasts 7 months on average:
  • Begins 2 months from conception until birth.
  • Three months after conception, it is active and can begin moving its arms, legs, and can even move the head.
    -still grow, but last 2 months is when they gain the most weight
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8
Q

What occurs in infancy?

A
  • Reflexes such as sucking, rooting, grasping
  • Adjust to sucking, digesting and swallowing they begin to grow rapidly
  • It is normal for newborns to losebody weight in the first few days of being on the outside
  • Year 2 - growth slows
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9
Q

What occurs in early childhood?

A
  • Children usually slim down during this period as the trunks of their bodies lengthen - their heads will still seem big for their bodies
  • Female growth tends to have more fat tissue - male growth tends to have more muscle tissue
  • Growth patterns are individualized, Two important contributors to height differences
    a) Ethnic origin
    b) Nutrition
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10
Q

What occur to mid-late childhood?

A
  • Period of slow consistent growth - calm before rapid growth spurts of adolescence
  • Growth = 2-3 inches per year
  • Body fat decreases, muscle mass and strength increases
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11
Q

Puberty derterminants:

A
  • Heredity (programed into our genes)
  • Hormones
    a) Androgens = Male Sex Hormones; Estrogen: Female Sex Hormones
  • The endocrine system (regulates all biological processes):
    a) Ensures that hormonal stimulation prompts maturation & maintains reproductive capacity.
  • Weight, body fat and leptin (hormone that helps regulate energy balance)
  • Weight - birth/infancy
  • Can determine when puberty starts - especially for girls
  • Adolescents in developed areas reach puberty earlier than those in underdeveloped areas
  • Absence of parental figure, maltreatment, etc
  • Males: Can occur as early as 10 years old to about 13 ½ & ends around 17 - 18
  • Females: First period will occur between 9 - 15 years of age
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12
Q

What are the parts of endocrine system?

A
  1. endocrine glands
    - Release hormones into the bloodstream. This lets the hormones travel to the cells in other parts of the body
  2. endocrine hormones
    - Help control mood, growth and development, the way our organs work, metabolism & reproduction
  3. endocrine system
    - Regulates how much of each hormone is released. This can depend on levels of hormones already in the blood or on levels of other substances in the blood (like calcium).
    - Stress, Infection or changes in fluid and mineral can affect hormone levels
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13
Q

What occurs in early adulthood?

A
  • Physical changes do continue but are more subtle
  • Many individuals will reach a peak of muscle tone and strength in their late teens and twenties -> begin to decline in the 30’s
  • Sagging chins and protruding abdomens MAY start to appear for the first time
  • Muscles will have less elasticity, and aches and pains start to appear
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14
Q

What occurs in middle adulthood?

A
  • Individuals lose height(1/2,1/2, 2) in middle age, and many gain weight
  • wrinkle (less collogen), hair thin + grey (less replacement and melantin production)
  • From 30-50 men lose ½ inch in height, then another ½ inch from 50-70
  • For women, height loss can be as much as 2 inches from 25-75 years of age (Bone loss in the vertebrae)
  • Noticeable signs of aging become more apparent by their 40s & 50s
  • Skin begins to wrinkle - loss of fat and collagen, age spots on skin exposed to the sun
  • Hair thins and turns gray because of a lower replacement rate and a decline of melanin production
  • Smoking, drinking and poor nutrition can also cause an increase in these signs.
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15
Q

What occurs in middle adulthood (cardiovascular disease)

A
  • Cardiovascular disease increases in middle age
  • Level of cholesterol in blood increases
    1. LDL = “BAD” cholesterol because when too high sticks to the lining of blood vessels - hardening of the arteries
    2. HDL = “GOOD” cholesterol because cardiovascular disease decreases when HDL is high.

Middle age - increase risks of cardiovascular disease
Blood pressure rises

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16
Q

What occurs in middle adulthood (strength, joints and bones)

A
  • Sarcopenia - age related loss of muscle mass and strength
  • Age 50 - muscle loss occurs at a rate of 1-2% per year (back of legs specifically)
    Obesity is a risk factor
  • Max bone density = mid to late 30’s then there is a progressive loss of bone. (begins slowly but accelerates in the 50’s
  • Women’s rate of bone loss is twice as much as men - bones break easily and are slow to recover
17
Q

What occurs in middle adulthood? (sexuality)

A
  • Climacteric - term used to describe the decline in fertility
  • Women go through menopause (40s and early 50s)
  • Average age for the last period is 52 - varies for women
  • Body changes - weight gain of lower body for some
18
Q

What occurs in late adulthood?

A

Physical Appearance:
- Changes that occur in late adulthood are more prominent
- Senses are less sensitive, reaction time slows, and there are changes to physical stamina

Circulatory System:
- Hypertension is more problematic and the likelihood of a stroke increases
- Rise in blood pressure can be linked to illness

Exercise, weight lifting, healthy diet can help in reducing risks and improving lifestyles at this stage.

19
Q

What is the difference between fine and gross motor skills?

A

Gross = larger limbs
- Skills that involve large muscle activity
ex. Walking, Crawling, Sitting independently, pulling

Fine = fingers
- Motor skills that involve finely tuned movements,
ex. Buttoning a shirt and typing

20
Q

What are some infant reflexes?

A

Rooting Reflex: Built in reaction that occurs when the infant’s cheek is stroked or the side of mouth is touched to find smth to suck

Sucking Reflex: Reaction to sucking an object placed in their mouth (associated the nipple with food)

Moro Reflex: Startle response to a sudden noise or movement. When startled, a newborn will throw its head back, arch their back or fling arms & legs

Grasping Reflex: Occurs when something touches the infant’s palms. The infant responds by grasping tightly → haven’t learned to move fingers → more gross motor

21
Q

What does the frontal lobe do?

A
  • Largest lobe in the central cortex and it is responsible for many of the behavioral trails (personality, motor control, ect)
  • Makes sense of information about environment → use to make decisions
  • Maintains connections to nearly every other part of the brain
  • Provide us with working memory → keep relevant information
22
Q

What is the parietal lobe do?

A

I = IMPORTANT
E = ENVIRONMENT
T = TOUCH
A = ATTENTION
L = LOBE -> OCCIPITAL

  • Senses to focus our attention on important things in environment
  • Interprets our sense of touch and monitors the relative position of body and its limbs
  • Receives signals from occipital lobe, reflects location of objects

Left and right halves

23
Q

What does the temporal lobe do?

A

E= EMOTION
M = MEMORY
R = RECOGNITIZE
L = LANGUAGE

  • Houses memories, emotions and language comprehensions
  • Contains hippocampus, primary auditory cortex and Wernicke’s area
  • Key to recognize objects, places and people
24
Q

What does the occipital lobe do?

A
  • Decodes visual signals
    Visual information come from retina
  • Information relays through occipital lobe or parietal lobe to determine response based on motion
25
Q

What does the broca area do?

A

bro-Ca
- Necessary for production and coordination of speech
- Only found in dominant left hemisphere (for most people)

26
Q

What does the wernicke area do?

A
  • W= WRITING
  • Allows us to comprehend language, both writing and speaking
27
Q

What is brain plasticity?

A

Brain’s ability to change, reorganize or grow neural networks; involving functional change due to learning

28
Q

Problem of brain plasticity:

A

Brain plasticity can be problematic when it allows changes caused by substance use, disease, or trauma (ex; PTSD)

29
Q

What is synaptic pruning?

A

Meaning removal of excess synapses → get rid of ones that are not strong enough
Synapse meaning structure that allow neuron to pass eclectic signals to another neuron

Average adult only has half the # of synapses a child has:
As we gain new experiences, some connections are strengthened while others are eliminated → synaptic pruning

30
Q

How does sight develop?

A
  • Sight is an example of a sense that takes time to develop.
  • Over the first few months, babies may have uncoordinated eye movements with the ability to focus only at close range
  • Focus will continue to improve over the first 2 to 3 years of life.
  • Newborns can detect light and dark but cannot detect all colours.
31
Q

How does hearing develop?

A
  • baby kicks or jumps in response to loud noises (in pregnancy)
  • Hearing is a sense that is fully developed in newborns
  • The sense of sound also changes with age
    1. responsibilities is hearing and maintaining balance
  • Fluid and small hair in the inner ear stimulate the auditory nerve, and this helps the brain to maintain balance
  • As an individual ages, structures inside of the ear start to change and their functions decline
  • The ability to pick up sounds decreases
  • The individual might find that they have problems maintaining their balance
32
Q

What occurs in sight as you age?

A
  • By the time an individual reaches the age of 60, their pupils may decrease to about one-third of the size they were when they were 20
  • The pupils might also react more slowly in response to darkness and bright light
  • The sharpness of vision declines with age and the most common problem is difficulty focusing the eyes on close-up objects
  • With age, it is also more difficult to tell colours apart
33
Q

How does smell and taste develop?

A
  • The senses of smell and taste work together
  • newborns have a strong sense of smell (prefer the smell of mother)
  • The sense of taste is developed when born
  • Babies tend to prefer sweet tastes over sour or bitter tastes
  • The number of taste buds in our mouths decreases as we age
  • The sense of smell can also decrease after the age of 70.
  • This can be related to a loss of nerve endings and less mucus production in the nose
  • Mucus helps odors to stay in the nose
34
Q

How does touch develop?

A
  • The sense of touch makes us aware of pain, temperature, pressure, vibration, and body position
  • With aging, sensations might be changed or reduced
  • These changes can occur because of decrease blood flow to the nerve endings or to the spinal cord or brain
35
Q

What is compensation?

A
  • If a person loses one sensory modality, other senses can compensate and take over
  • Teaching ways to adapt, modify, or change the method to perform the task
  • Compensation involves the brain’s ability to recruit other neurons in other regions of the nervous system
36
Q

What is adaptive plasticity?

A
  1. To enable adjustment to experience;
  2. To compensate for lost function;
  3. Maximize remaining functions in the event of brain damage
37
Q

What cause change physically in late adulthood?

A

Genetic programming theories of aging - a built in timeline to the reproduction of cells we all have - think of it like an automatic self-destruct button. Once activated there’s no stopping it.

Wear-and-tear theories of aging - mechanical functions. The body simply stops working efficiency as people age