Exam Unit #2 Flashcards
1
Q
What did Arnold Gesell?
A
- Influenced by their genes (biology)
- Rate that they develop depends on their nervous system
- Fixed sequences we have to go through (development on these stages)
- all internal
- Saw this as additional and had to be in harmony with the nervous system
2
Q
What is Esther Thelen?
A
- External factors
- What you see is what you do
- Active - child learns on their own
- Direct - Showing them how (parents, guardians, teachers)
- Environment exploration is deeply important to the forming of a child and their brain development
3
Q
Cephalocaudal Principle:
A
- Fancy way of saying that development proceeds from the head downward
- Fastest growth occurs at the top of the head
- Very similar to sensory & motor skills development
Head → Neck → Shoulders → Middle Trunk
4
Q
Proximodistal Pattern
A
- Growth starts at the center of the body and moves out towards extremities
- Spinal Cord develops first
- Maturation of muscular control of the trunk & arms
- Arms develop before hands; Hands & Feet before toes and fingers;
- Finger muscles are also last to develop (control shoulders and hand first)
5
Q
What is germinal period?
A
- Takes place during the first two weeks after conception.
- Includes creation of a zygote, cell division (begins during this period) and the attachment of a zygote (10-14 days after conception) to the lining of the uterus
- This process is called mitosis
- A zygote: begins as a one cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge
- After one week, the cells start to become specialized for different tasks.
6
Q
What is the embryonic Period?
A
- Occurs from 2 - 8 weeks after conception
- The rate of cell differentiation intensifies, organs begin to appear.
- Endoderm - inner layer of cells; Digestive and respiratory systems
- Ectoderm - outermost layer of cells; Nervous system
Sensory organs
= Amnion (layer around embryo), umbilical cord (connect to placenta), placenta (oxygen & nutrients).
= Red blood cells and hormones cannot pass through placenta. - Organogenesis is the name given to the process of organ formatting during the first two months of development.
- During this period high vulnerability to environmental influence.
7
Q
What is the fetal period?
A
- Lasts 7 months on average:
- Begins 2 months from conception until birth.
- Three months after conception, it is active and can begin moving its arms, legs, and can even move the head.
-still grow, but last 2 months is when they gain the most weight
8
Q
What occurs in infancy?
A
- Reflexes such as sucking, rooting, grasping
- Adjust to sucking, digesting and swallowing they begin to grow rapidly
- It is normal for newborns to losebody weight in the first few days of being on the outside
- Year 2 - growth slows
9
Q
What occurs in early childhood?
A
- Children usually slim down during this period as the trunks of their bodies lengthen - their heads will still seem big for their bodies
- Female growth tends to have more fat tissue - male growth tends to have more muscle tissue
- Growth patterns are individualized, Two important contributors to height differences
a) Ethnic origin
b) Nutrition
10
Q
What occur to mid-late childhood?
A
- Period of slow consistent growth - calm before rapid growth spurts of adolescence
- Growth = 2-3 inches per year
- Body fat decreases, muscle mass and strength increases
11
Q
Puberty derterminants:
A
- Heredity (programed into our genes)
- Hormones
a) Androgens = Male Sex Hormones; Estrogen: Female Sex Hormones - The endocrine system (regulates all biological processes):
a) Ensures that hormonal stimulation prompts maturation & maintains reproductive capacity. - Weight, body fat and leptin (hormone that helps regulate energy balance)
- Weight - birth/infancy
- Can determine when puberty starts - especially for girls
- Adolescents in developed areas reach puberty earlier than those in underdeveloped areas
- Absence of parental figure, maltreatment, etc
- Males: Can occur as early as 10 years old to about 13 ½ & ends around 17 - 18
- Females: First period will occur between 9 - 15 years of age
12
Q
What are the parts of endocrine system?
A
- endocrine glands
- Release hormones into the bloodstream. This lets the hormones travel to the cells in other parts of the body - endocrine hormones
- Help control mood, growth and development, the way our organs work, metabolism & reproduction - endocrine system
- Regulates how much of each hormone is released. This can depend on levels of hormones already in the blood or on levels of other substances in the blood (like calcium).
- Stress, Infection or changes in fluid and mineral can affect hormone levels
13
Q
What occurs in early adulthood?
A
- Physical changes do continue but are more subtle
- Many individuals will reach a peak of muscle tone and strength in their late teens and twenties -> begin to decline in the 30’s
- Sagging chins and protruding abdomens MAY start to appear for the first time
- Muscles will have less elasticity, and aches and pains start to appear
14
Q
What occurs in middle adulthood?
A
- Individuals lose height(1/2,1/2, 2) in middle age, and many gain weight
- wrinkle (less collogen), hair thin + grey (less replacement and melantin production)
- From 30-50 men lose ½ inch in height, then another ½ inch from 50-70
- For women, height loss can be as much as 2 inches from 25-75 years of age (Bone loss in the vertebrae)
- Noticeable signs of aging become more apparent by their 40s & 50s
- Skin begins to wrinkle - loss of fat and collagen, age spots on skin exposed to the sun
- Hair thins and turns gray because of a lower replacement rate and a decline of melanin production
- Smoking, drinking and poor nutrition can also cause an increase in these signs.
15
Q
What occurs in middle adulthood (cardiovascular disease)
A
- Cardiovascular disease increases in middle age
- Level of cholesterol in blood increases
1. LDL = “BAD” cholesterol because when too high sticks to the lining of blood vessels - hardening of the arteries
2. HDL = “GOOD” cholesterol because cardiovascular disease decreases when HDL is high.
Middle age - increase risks of cardiovascular disease
Blood pressure rises