REVIEW FOR QUIZ Flashcards
What occurs in prenatal period + what age?
- conception to birth
- lots of growth the moment egg and sperm come in contact
What occurs in infancy?
- 18-24 months
- lots of dependancy in parents
- psychology activities -> language, sensory, social learning
What occurs in early childhood?
- 3 to 5 years old
- more independency
- develop school behaviour
What occurs in mid/late childhood?
- 6-7 to 10-11 years old
- more independency
- realizing world is a bigger place
- develop self-control
- cognitive development starts
What occurs in adolescence?
- 10-12 to 18-21 years old
- more independency
- time away from family
- more of socioemotional development
- finding identify
What occurs in early adulthood?
20’s-30’s
- more economic/financial independency
- maybe finding a partner
- pursuing career
What is middle adulthood?
40’s-50’s
- finding happiness/satisfaction in career
- expanding personal and social involvement
- giving advice/preparing next generation
What is late adulthood?
60’s+
- health deterioration
- review life
- may depend on others
What is physical development?
Development of senses, motor skills or health and wellness (physical)
What is cognitive?
Development of thinking, learning, language, reasoning, creativity, attention, memory
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What is socioemotional development?
development of emotions, socio relationships and personality
What is development?
a good or bad change occurring in life
What are normative grade-age influences?
- something that is normal to your age stage
What is non-normative grade age influences?
- something that is personal -> not typically seen in whole society
What is history influences?
- due to historical events, it influences someones life
- something like WWII or Covid
What is nature vs. nurture?
- nature = idea that inherit traits have influence on a person
- nurture - idea that environment plays a role on a person
What is stability vs. change?
- stability = that our personality and traits remain the same -> inherited them or from early child experiences
- change = due to everything changing around us, we also start to change as well -> people are malleable
MORE ON PERSONALITY
What is continuity and discontinuity?
- continuity = sees growth as a gradual smooth process (a triangle)
- discontinuity = sees growth as more abrupt stages, where you must over come something in order to go the next
What is universal and context specific?
- universal = everyone goes through the same process (like puberty)
- context specific = experiences that are specific to that person
What is a risk?
factors identified that make people vulnerable to poor mental health and development
What is resilience?
the ability to overcome and deal with challenges in life
What is protective factors?
something that lowers the negative impact faced from a risk (basically getting better at dealing with something)
What is chronological age?
- The # of years that has elapsed since birth
- Year, month and day
- Used to find patterns of data (what average time a 60 year old spends on phone)
What is biological age?
- Age in terms of biological health
- Functional capacity of a person’s organ
What is a social age?
- Based on your connectedness with others and the social roles people adopt
- Better relationships = happy people
- Friends, family roles → if they have a big friend group → in case study
What is psychological age?
- Refers to an individual’s adaptive capacities compared to those of the same chronological age (able to adapt, memory and emotions)
- Level of maturity for their age (have more a bank account and have a home at 18)
- Context specific like not an actually number but rather if they act older or younger than their chronological age
- Ex. elderly who continue to exercise and live healthy active lifestyles compared to those who do not
What is normal aging?
- Characterizes most individuals in which their psychological function often peaks in early middle age, remains relatively stable until the late fifties to sixties, and then shows a modest decline through eighties
- Major decline occurs as individuals near death
What pathological aging?
- characterized individuals who show greater than average declines as they age through adult years
- May have mild cognitive impairment in early old age, develop alzheimer disease later on, or have a chronic disease that impairs their daily functioning
- HOW HAPPY YOU MEANT BE (LESS HAPPY = GREATER CHANCE OF PATHOLOGICAL AGING, ex. More trauma)
What is successful aging?
- Characterizes individuals whose positive physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development is maintained longer, declining later in old age than is the case for most people
What is the structuralist perspective?
- Can’t be changed easily, follow certain stages or root for society to function a certain way
- Seeks understand social structures and relationship
- Focus on idea that everything is related
a mode of knowledge of nature and human life that is interested in relationships rather than individual objects
what is Information-Processing & Learning Theory?
- Looking at cognitive development → asking how information is encoded in our brains
- Learning theory is how people retain and learn information
- You are building off what is around you
- Computer → retrieving and storing information
short term to long term
What is Systemic & Humanistic?
- Study self-discovery and self-growth → you as an individual
Looking at beliefs, values, freedom of action, etc
Idea full range of individual experiences → understand ourselves
What is indigenous Wholistic Theory?
- Basically humanistic approach but more emphasis on community
- Human needs (resiliency code):
a) Belonging
b) Mastery → what you know
c) Independence
d) Generosity → know goodness
What is Eriksons main theory?
8 stages of personality
What does the 8 stages of personality affect individual?
- Each stage has some sort of crisis where there is a conflict of needs of an individual and needs of society
- Have positive or negative affect on development based on succeeding or fail a stage
What is stage 1 (personality)?
- 0 to 1 (trust vs. mistrust)
- Trust = learn to trust caregivers from consistent and dependable care they provide + others
- Mistrust = infant experience discomfort and fear with caregiver due to neglect
What is stage 2 (personality)?
- 1 to 3 years (autonomy vs shame/doubt)
- Autonomy = child is encouraged and supported to be independent, develop self-confidence and be comfortable making own decisions
- shame/doubt = child is discouraged, overly controlled, or criticized for actions, they will become shameful and doubtful of their abilities
What is stage 3 (personality)?
- 3 to 6 years (initiative vs. guilt)
- Initiative = when children are encouraged, they are willing to take initiative and follow interests
- Guilt = when a child’s efforts to pursue independent activities are discouraged, they will feel ashamed and guilt
What is stage 4 (personality)?
- 7 to 11 years (industry vs. inferiority) - school age
- Industry = child receive recognition and positive regard for their accomplishments, they feel industrious - competent and productive
- Inferiority = child’s effort is discouraged, they feel incompetent
What is stage 5 (personality)?
- 12 to 18 years ( identity vs. identity confusion) -> adolescence
- Identity = if adolescents are provided with freedom to explore themselves, they develop strong identities
- Identity confusion = if discouraged and forced to conform, they will feel restricted and unsure of themselves
What is stage 6 (personality)?
- 19 - 29 years (intimacy vs. isolation) -> early adulthood
- Intimacy = if adults can lead committed and intimate relationships, they successfully navigate themselves through intimacy
- Isolation = if adults struggle to form stable and healthy relationships, they will be isolated and lonely
What is stage 7 (personality)?
- 30 to 64 years (generativity vs. stagnation) -> middle age
- Generativity = if adults can be responsible and lead the next generation by making positive changes, fill fulfillment
- Stagnation = adults are not able to resolve conflicts and mentors, they are left experiencing stagnation → feel pessimistic and unproductive
What is stage 8 (personality)?
- 65 to onward (ego integrity vs. despair) -> old age
- Ego integrity = if individuals are satisfied with their lives, they will development contentment
- Despair = if individuals are dissatisfied and regretful, they develop feelings of despair and bitterness
What does Erikson think of risk and resilience?
- Highlights abilities to overcome a particular crisis from each stage
- Resilience in theory is viewed as when individuals successfully navigate and overcome stage → allow them to got to next stage
- Success = healthy personality and essential virtues
- A person can risk failing to resolve the crisis and complete any of stage
Failure mean difficult to cope with life challenges
Second part of vs. is the risk
What theory and perspective is Erikson?
SOCIOEMOTIONAL - social interaction and relationships played role in development
HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE - humans have free will, implying that personality development differs for everyone
- Suggest that individuals are continuously striving to fulfill capabilities of self-awareness
- Concept of reaching self-actualization
What is Lev Vygotsky’s main theory?
- The more knowledgeable a person who is teaching someone else who less knowledge (usually teacher or parent)
- children pay attention to peers (who are valuable) than teachers and parents
- Recommend teachers pair more knowledge students with less knowledgeable
Rule of theories of Lev Vygotsky?
- Unique individuals → stresses that each child is a unique learned, individual learning styles and abilities should be acknowledged and studied
- Purpose of education → primary aim of education is to foster development through social learning and internalization of culture and social relationships
- Role of existing knowledge → importance of existing knowledge and experiences to interpret new information → influencing one’s perspective
- Curriculum goals → enhance overall competency, prioritize communication among students and provide opportunities to apply existing knowledge and experiences through learning tasks
How does Lev Vygotsky’s theory connect to childhood?
- Believed child development entails going through a # of stable developmental phases
- Birth: Physically distance from mother, “front brain” development for social connection
- 12 months: child express will and individuality through interaction
- Age 3 awareness of unique individuality begins
- Age 7: awareness of unique individuality
- Pre-teen (12-13): adopt a critical attitude, understanding concepts independently
How does Lev’s theory relate to adolescence?
- Learn to interact with peers → adolescents use societies behavioral norms and observations from adults based on behavior
How does Lev’s theory connect to adulthood?
- Learn from observing children
- Involves social interaction and components of teaching environment
What does Levy think of risk and resilience?
Environment of child raised affects cognitive development
What is the type of development and theory Levy stands by?
Sociocultural theory
- Children acquire their cultural values and problem solving techniques through cooperative conversations with experienced members of society
- Theory suggest social interaction plays fundamental role in COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
- Talks about environment and impacting development
Cognitive development
- Affect development through interaction with more advanced others
- Children who are more intelligent develop abilities from social interactions
What is Jean Piaget’s main theory?
4 stages of learning development
What is the Sensorimotor stage?
(birth - 2 years)
- Begin to explore world through senses and actions
- Develop cognitive abilities (imitate actions, object permanence, self recognition, etc)
- Main goal is object permanence (understand that object is still there when hidden)
What is Preoperational stage?
(2-7 years)
- Begin to learn that not everyone sees world the same
- Begin to appreciate the company of others
- Important imagination and play “pretend”
- Focus on symbolic thoughts (ability to translate symbols into sentiments)
What is Concrete operational stage?
(7-11 years)
- Main goal is logical thought
Believed this was a major stage as beginning operational thought
- Focus on others feelings and how they think
- Children are more successful given concrete (physical) objects to reason
What is Formal operational stage?
12 and up)
- Begin to develop abstract thinking
- Start to understand hypothetical questions
- Main goal is scientific reasoning
What does Piaget’s theory connect to risk and resilience?
- Helps be resilient as stages can’t be skipped → easier to complete each one
- Risk and protective factors play important role in social and psychological development of children
- Resilience formed from central hub, connecting perceived cognitive control, emotion regulation, and residual symptomatology
What type of development and theory is Piaget?
INFORMATION PROCESSING AND LEARNING THEORY → how brain filters information with our memory and how we process information
Theory focuses on child cognitive development and how they use their senses on their surrounding to learn and strengthen it
What was Maslow’s main theory?
- Physiological needs - Air, water, food, shelter, water, etc
- Safely and security needs
- Personal security, employment, resources, health, property - Social needs/love and belonging - Friendships, intimacy, family, etc
- Esteem needs - Respect, self-esteem, status, recognition, strength, freedom
- Self-actualization - Desire to become the most that one can be
Connection to childhood - Maslow
- Children are dependent on parents for needs
- Positive parenting methods like affirming their character, challenging them mentally and encouraging friendships
- COGNITIVE AND SOCIOEMOTIONAL FULFILLMENT
- May be hard to reach self actualization → not not impossible
Connection to adolescent - Maslow
- Want to find more ways to be independent → from identity outside home
- Many of physiological and safety needs may still be tended by parents
- NEED OF ESTEEM AND LOVE/BELONGING
Maslow’s connection to adults?
- Typically independent
- Begin to develop responsibility for decisions
- Adults have opportunity to reach true self-actualization if they satisfy their basic and psychological needs
Maslow - risk and resilience?
- People might improve resilience by taking care of basic needs for stability
- Suggest people can enhance their resilience by addressing basic needs for stability
- Accumulate experiences and resources that enable them to confront and overcome barriers and challenges to each specific stage
- Each person has barrier → strive to fulfill each stage or need
Maslow - theory and perspective?
Physical
Basic needs of food and water
Cognitive
Need to learn and educate themselves
Socioemotional
- Create and maintain relationships
- Individual is able to develop in positive way and fulfill these social needs
- As long and belonging
HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
- Viewing whole person
- Every human is different
- Different needs listed are applicable to general needs of humans
- Visual model is very inclusive of everyone’s needs
- Allows theorists to look through the development of individuals into healthier and better versions of themselves
East, South, West, North - Indigenous?
- All about interconnectedness
- Consider all aspects and how they impact development
- Idea that you are looking at all perspectives
East: beginning, spirit, rebirth, identity, history
South: relationships, renewal, community, elders, emotion
West: ancestors the, the mind, respect, knowledge
North: movement, healing, doing, diversity
What does the wholistic theory mainly talk about?
Spiritual → look at other parts of you, how you meant see yourself
Physical → relationships around you
Mental → healing and dealing with mental health
Talk about the role of community, parent, friends in child development
What does the circle represent and tell?
look at relationships between each age group (youth and children is directly across elders and seniors) → big role that elderly people play in development in children and youth for instance → we are teaching them and they are teaching you (like we teach people about new technology)
Wholistic - connection to childhood?
New beginnings = pass on traditions and culture to future generations
Wholistic - connection to adolescence
Identity struggles = foster relationships and explore cultural pathways
Wholistic - connection to adults
Mental health issues = healing centers, decolonize the mind, spiritual connections
Risk and resilience - wholistic
To be successful is to have a strong sense of community and a spiritual relationship with all life forms. Indigenous peoples were able to continue with their traditional culture and ways of living despite colonization processes.
Resilience is founded on the wisdom of the elders that is passed down orally and guides the community through life, in order to avoid the risk
