Quiz #2

Question 1

What did Arnod Gesell theorize?

Answer 1

• Influenced by genes → nature
• Rate that development depends on nervous system
• Fixed sequences we have to go through (development on these stages) → discontinuity
• Internal and saw this as additional and had to be in harmony with nervous system
• Inside out perspective

Question 2

What did Esther Thelen theorize?

Answer 2

• Look at external factors → nurture + what you see (not what you don’t see)
• Active & direct exploration →
  a) Active - child learns on their own
  b) Direct - showing them how (parents, guardians, teachers)
• Kids need to explore their environment freely to physically develop
• Outside in perspective

Question 2

What are the 2 lifespan perspectives?

Answer 2

cephalocaudal principle and proximodistal pattern

Question 3

What is the cephalocaudal principle?

Answer 3

• Fancy way of saying that development is from head downward
• Top body develop first, then everything else grow
• Fastest grow occurs at the top and gradually move down and rest of body

Ex. children hold up head first to sit up, then hands and legs

• Similar to sensory and motor skills development

Question 4

What is the Proximodistal Pattern?

Answer 4

• Start from inside out (heart brain = internal organs and rest is external, like arms, legs, etc)
• Maturation fo muscular control of the trunk and arms
• Arms develop before hands

Question 5

What are the 3 stages of fetal development?

Answer 5

germinal, embryonic, and fetal period

Question 6

What is the germinal period?

Answer 6

• First 2 weeks
• Lot of cell are developing
• Include cell division and zygote development
• Different cells have different specialized cells (stem cells)
• Attachment of zygote to uterus wall

Question 7

What is the embryonic period?

Answer 7

• 2-8 weeks
• Quick rapid changes in forming the fetus
• Endoderm - Like internal organs (breathing, eating)
• Ectoderm - outermost layer of cells (nervous system and sensory organs)
  amnion (layer around embryo)
• Organogenesis → highly vulnerable, careful of impact as process of organ formation for fetus

Question 8

What is the fetal period?

Answer 8

• Last 7 months (began after 2 months to birth)
• 3 months = 3 inches long, active can begin moving it’s arm, legs and can even move head
• Four months, fetus is 5 inches and 3.5 ounces
• End of 5th moth, fetus is 11 inches and weighs almost a pound
• During last 2 months, fatty tissue developments and gains the most weight happens in this period → that’s why in early stages, belly don’t show as much

Question 9

What is the difference between trimester and fetal development?

Answer 9

Physical development of fetus -
1. Germinal = conception to 2 weeks → cell division
2. Embryonic period = 2-8 weeks → organ formation starts
3. Fetal period = 8 weeks to birth

Trimester (during pregnancy)
1. Pregnancy is 9 months long
2. Divides the 9 months into 3 months each
4. First trimester = 1 month to 3 months → germinal and embryonic period occurs here
5. Second trimester = 3 months to 6 months → fetal period
6. Third trimester = 6 months to 9 months → fetal period

Question 10

What physical development occurs in infancy?

Answer 10

• Reflexes like sucking, rooting and grasping → naturally (almost reacting) → only form of nutrient is mom
• Adjust to sucking, digesting and swallowing
• gaining 5-6 ounces per week in first month
• Infants will double their birth weight by the 4th month and triple it by their first birthday
• 95% of full term newborns are 18-22 inches long and weight between 5/5 lbs - 10 lbs (most of the time)
• Changes geographically → but the average North American baby is 20 inches long and 7.5 lbs (changes due to weather, food, etc)
• Normal for newborns to lose 5-7% of their body weight in the first few days being on the outside
• Year 2 - growth slows
  The average 2 year will be 32-35 inches tall and roughly 26-32 lbs

Question 11

What physical development occur in early childhood?

Answer 11

• usually slim down as trunks of body lengthens while head still seem big for body
• by end of preschool, loose top heavy look
• female growth tend to have more fat issue and male have more muscle tissues
• growth patterns depend on individuals
• in height depend on ethnic origin or nutrition

Question 12

What physical changes happen in mid-late childhood?

Answer 12

• period of slow consistent growth - calm down before rapid growth spurt
• grow 2-3 inches
  (average height 4 ft 2)
• gain 5-7 lbs -> average 56 lbs
• body fat decreases and muscle mass increases

Question 13

What is puberty?

Answer 13

Brain-neuroendocrine process which occurs in early adolescence that provides stimulation of rapid changes that take place during this period of development

Question 14

What factors contribute to puberty?

Answer 14

1. genes (when parents start puberty)
2. hormones
   - powerful chemicals secreted by endocrine glands in bloodstream
   a) androgen and estrogen
3. Endocrine system (regulates all biological processes)
   - Ensure hormonal stimulation prompts maturation and maintains reproductive capacity
4. Weight, body fat and leptin (hormone that help regulate energy balance)
5. Weight - birth/infancy
   - Can determine when puberty starts especially in girls
6. Socio-cultural and environmental factors
   - Adolescents in developed areas reach puberty earlier than those in underdeveloped areas (lack of food, lack of housing → push you to develop later)
   Absence of paternal figure, maltreatment, etc

Males = occur as early as 10 years old to 13 ½ and end around 17-18
Females: first period will occur between 9-15 years old

Question 15

What happens to males and females during puberty?

Answer 15

Males -
- Facial hair
- Appearance of pubic hair
- Minor voice changes
- Max growth in height and weight
- Armpit hair
- Deeper voice
- Increase in penis and testicle size

Females -
- Growth in height
- Hips become wider than shoulders
- Enlarged breasts
- Pubic hair
- Armpit hair menstrual cycle

All of these help prepare to have child

Question 16

What is the endocrine system?

Answer 16

Endocrine glands - release hormones into the bloodstream. This lets hormones travel to the cells in other parts of the body

The endocrine hormones - help control mood, growth and development, the way our organs work, metabolism and reproduction

The endocrine system - regulates how much each hormone is released. This can depend on levels of hormones already in the blood or on levels of other substances in blood (ex. calcium)
- Stress, infection or changes in fluid and mineral can affect hormone levels

Question 17

What physical changes happen in early adulthood?

Answer 17

• Physical changes do continue but are more subtle
• Many individuals will reach a peak of muscle tone and strength in their late teens and twenties
• These attributes decline in 30’s
• Sagging chins and protruding abdomens may start to appear for the first time
• Muscles will have less elasticity, and aches and pains start to appear
• Most of us reach peak between 19-26 years of age or even till 30-35 due to food we eat
• Occur in athletes too

Question 18

What happens in middle age in terms of cardiovascular diseases?

Answer 18

• Increase in middle age
• Level of cholesterol in blood increases
• 2 forms LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and HDL (high-density lipoprotein)
• LDL - bad cholesterol as when too high sticks to the lining of blood vessels - hardening of arteries
• HDL - good cholesterol as cardiovascular disease decreases when HDL is high
• Middle age - cholesterol begin to accumulate on the artery walls increase risks of cardiovascular disease
• Blood pressure rises

Question 19

What happens in middle adult in terms of strength, joints and bones?

Answer 19

• Sarcopenia - age related loss of muscle mass and strength (usually take medication for this)
• Age 50 - muscle loss occurs at a rate of 1-2% per year (back of legs specifically)
• Obesity is a risk factor
• Max bone density = mid to late 30’s then there is a progressive loss of bone (begins slowly but accelerates in the 50’s)
• Women’s rate of bone loss is twice as much as men - bones break easily and are slow recover

Question 20

What about sexuality in Middle Adulthood?

Answer 20

• Climacteric - term used to describe the decline in fertility
• Women go through menopause (40s-50’s) - this is when women does ot have period for a year
• Average age for last period is 52
• Body changes - weight gain of lower body for some
• Uncomfortable symptoms = hot flashes, nausea, fatigue, and rapid heartbeat
• Men do not lose their ability to father a child but sex drive and sperm count does decrease

Question 21

What physical changes happen in late adulthood?

Answer 21

• Changes that occur are more prominent - wrinkles, hair loss, gray hair, etc - senses are less sensitive, reaction time slows and there are changes to physical stamina
• Think you + your grandparents cooking, they may add a lot of species for flavor because they can’t taste as well
• Weight usually drops with loss muscles mass - more of a saggy look

Circulatory system:
- Hypertension is more problematic and the likelihood of a stroke increases risk in blood pressure can be linked to illness, obesity, stiffening of blood vessels, stress, or lack of exercise, Alzheimer’s also
- Exercise, weight lifting, healthy diet can help in reducing risks and improve lifestyle

Question 22

What causes changes in late adulthood?

Answer 22

• Genetic programming theories of aging - built in timeline to the reproduction of cells we all have - think of it like an automatic self-destruction button. Once activated there’s no stopping it
• Wear-and-tear theories of aging - mechanical functions. - The body simple stops working efficiency as people age
• Can’t stop it but can slow down process by exercising

Question 23

Fine and gross motor skills in infancy examples:

Answer 23

For fine motor skills, children are able to grasp a string and pull it, hold on to a block, and reach their arms up toward a toy while lying on their backs. At four months, children’s gross motor skills allow them to sit with their hands placed on the floor in front and pull up to sitting with their chin tucked.