Unit 2 - early global interaction Flashcards
What is the Theory of Globalization? (steps 1, 2, 3)
Step 1: Arab civilization share mathematics, medicine, and literature with Europe
Step 2: Columbus’ voyage to the ‘new world’ accelerates globalization
Step 3: Improvements in technology and the Cold War lead to rapid growth of global markets
What is the Silk Road?
- a network of trading routes that covered 1/4 of the distance around the globe
- connected many cultures
- very dangerous (lack of water, bandits, weather)
Mercantilism (6)
INCREASING EXPORTS, DECREASING IMPORTS
- government controlled international trade by granting monopolies like HBC
- focus on making good use of natural resources of colonies
- limited international trade (only with the colonies and mother country)
- high levels of government regulations
- made the monarchy and allies rich
Enlightenment
“humanists emerged”
- arts and literature were important alongside faith
- reason rather than religion, they questioned the churches authority
- this dramatically altered the political, economic, and social circumstances of Europe
Adam Smith
- known as the “father of capitalism”, although did NOT invent it
- the ‘wealth of nations’ a book describing a system where individuals work for their own self interest in a free market system (later known as capitalism)
What is the Industrial Revolution
- using new sources of power to fun machinery
- caused a complete change in peoples lives = revolution
Requirements for an IR to happen? (7)
- excess money
- available labor
- encouragement of capitalistic entrepreneurs
- natural resources
- energy sources (fossil fuels , water)
- transportation and communication
- stable government
Why textiles?
- demand for British cloth increasing, especially in colonies
Social Impacts of the industrial revolution (7)
- long hours
- child labor
- population growth
- poor city planning
- loss of family stability
- expansion of the middle class
- encouragement of technological progress
Political effect of the IR (3)
- child labor laws to end abuses
- trade unions
- social reform movements.
Economic effects of the IR (6)
- new inventions and new factories
- increased production=increased demand for natural resources
- growth of world wide trade
- population growth
- advances in transportation, agriculture and communication
- development of banking/investment systems.
Effects of the industrial revolution - short term
Postive:
- lower costs of products like clothing
- death rates went down due to access to better food and medical care
Negative:
- slums created in cities
- abuse to the working class
Effects of the IR - long term
Positive:
- access to cheaper goods increases middle class
- governments began to intervene on behalf of the workers (laws to protect them)
Negative:
- factory working can be dangerous, stressful and boring
- unemployment due to increased machines
- pollution, overpopulation, changes to family and social structures
Explain the age of exploration
- “God, gold, glory”
- when Europeans travelled across the world to find new trading routes
- went to discover new land across water
Reasons for exploration (10)
Motives for exploration:
- tech advances
- improved ship design
- improved weapons
Desire for wealth:
- gain access to the spice trade
- find new sources of gold and silver
- more land = more power
- convert more people to Christianity
- learn more about lands and people
- desire for adventure, fame, and glory
- Marco Polo wrote about the adventure he had which inspired others
Main Players of Exploration
Portugal
- was the first country to start exploring
Spain
- was in competition with Portugal to find a route to Asian trade
- opened the Americas to European colonization and trade
Christopher Columbus (7)
- born in Italy
- Ferdinand and Isabella (king and queen) funded his trip across the Atlantic to find a quicker route to Asian trade
- he arrived on the Caribbean Islands and looked for spices, gold and silver, but couldn’t find any
- then he retuned to Spain and made 2 more trips
- his frienemy wrote letters and made up stories that were lies.
- some people believe he discovered America (false)
- some people think was an awful person and did bad things to the Indigenous
Effects of Exploration
- Columbian exchange
- Slavery
- Conquistadors, explorers, and missionaries began to flood the North American Continent
Columbian Exchange
refers to the vast exchange of plants, people, animals, ideas, and diseases that began with the ‘age of exploration’
Slavery
- Because the Indigenous died because of diseases the Spanish settlers needed other people to work for them
- Slavery began in the ‘new world’ in the 1500’s
- By the late 1400’s European Explorers in West Africa were trading guns and other goods for slaves
Conquistadors, Explorers and Missionaries
- Conquistadors are Spanish soldiers - explorers who murdered and took over the native peoples of Mexico and Peru
- Missionaries converted people to Christianity
