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Dermatology > Unit 2: Ear Structure & Function > Flashcards

Unit 2: Ear Structure & Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is the landmark for cytology and otoscope insertion?

A

intertragic incisure

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2
Q

What are the cartilage types of the external ear?

A

Auricular (vertical canal) and annular (horizontal canal)

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3
Q

How do the external canal cartilages interact with each other?

A

Auricular cartilage overlaps annular cartilage - allows for flexibility and movement

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4
Q

Where does debris like to build up in the external canal?

A

In the little “dip” at the end of the vertical canal

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5
Q

How can you keep dogs from jumping when using an otoscope?

(they jump from the scope hitting the fold)

A

Take the pinna and pull it out and away to get the scope under the fold easier

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6
Q

What are the lengths of the auricular and annular cartilages?

A

Auricular = 4.1 cm

Annular = 1.2 cm

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7
Q

What is the diameter of the external canal at thr tragus?

A

5.8 cm

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8
Q

What is the mean pH of the ear canal in dogs?

A

6.1 in males, 6.2 in females

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9
Q

What is the relative humidity of the external canal?

A

80%

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10
Q

What is the temperature of the external canal?

A

0.6ºC lower than rectal

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11
Q

What are the types of pinnae and which one has more otitis?

A

Erect vs. pendulous

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12
Q

The volume of the ear canal impacts _____.

A

treatment

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13
Q

The length of the ear canal impacts _____.

A

examinations

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14
Q

What does the skin of the ear canal contain?

A

Sebaceous and apocrine (ceruminous) glands, hair follicles

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15
Q

What types of inflammation/infection involve the structures of the skin of the canal?

A

Folliculitis, adenitis, ruptured sweat glands

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16
Q

What is the technical term for ear wax?

A

cerumen

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17
Q

What are the components of cerumen?

A

Secretions of sebaceous glands, ceruminous (apocrine) gland secretions, epithelial cells (keratinocytes)

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18
Q

What is the lipid content of cerumen made of?

A

Margaric, oleic, stearic, and linoleic fatty acids

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19
Q

What are the functions of cerumen?

A

Lubrication, hydration, protection

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20
Q

Lipid content of cerumen decreases ___ to ___% in chronic otitis externa.

A

49%, 24%

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21
Q

What can dilute lipid content of cerumen?

A

Hyperplasia of the apocrine glands

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22
Q

What is the “self-cleansing” mechanism of the ear?

A

epithelial migration

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23
Q

What can a prominent pars flaccida resemble in the ear canal?

A

Tumors - can use pneumo-otoscopy to test

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24
Q

What is the point of pneumo-otoscopy?

A

Gentle blowing or use of a bulb to create positive pressure in the ear canal, making the pars flaccida move

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25
Q

What are the smallest muscles in the body?

A

tensor tympani and stapedius

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26
Q

What is the nerve bundle that runs thru the middle ear?

A

chordae tympani

27
Q

What is the smallest bone in the body?

A

stapes

28
Q

What cells line the middle ear side of the tympanic membrane?

A

VERY thin layer of cuboidal epithelium

29
Q

What cells line the ear canal side of the tympanic membrane?

A

Thin layer of stratified squamous epithelium

30
Q

What things live in between the 2 cell layers of the tympanic membrane?

A

Lymphatics, vessels, collagen

31
Q

What are some things in the cat ear that are different from the dog?

A

They have a bony septum that divides the middle ear into 2 compartments, their external canal doesn’t have a deep “trap” like the dog’s, and it is a smaller diameter (difficult to pass some scopes)

32
Q

How is the tympanic membrane of the cat different than the dog?

A

It is more transparent, the septum obstructs view, less hair visible

33
Q

T/F: The malleus of cats is straighter than the dog’s.

A

True

34
Q

The middle ear is housed in the _____ bone.

A

temporal

35
Q

How many chambers does the middle ear have?

A

2

36
Q

What cavities are behind the ear drum?

A

Epitympanic, tympanic, ventral (fundic)

37
Q

What cells line the middle ear?

A

Modified respiratory epithelium (some ciliated and secretory cells)

38
Q

What other structures are in the middle ear?

A

Nerves, vessels, ossicles, muscles

39
Q

What are the 4 main components of the middle ear?

A
  1. Ventral/fundic cavity (tympanic bulla)
  2. Tympanic cavity proper
  3. Epitympanic recess/cavity
  4. Promontory
40
Q

What do striations on the tympanic membrane indicate?

A

That it is a super young dog

41
Q

What middle ear structures can be seen on otoscopic exam?

A

Ventral cavity, promontory, edge of bulla

42
Q

What does the stapes attach to?

A

vestibular window

43
Q

What general nerve types are found in the middle ear?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

44
Q

A

A

malleus

45
Q

B

A

stapes

46
Q

C

A

vestibular window

47
Q

D

A

nerves

48
Q

What cranial nerve exits into the middle ear?

A

facial nerve

49
Q

What foramen does the facial nerve exit out of?

A

stylomastoid foramen

50
Q

What is the auditory tube?

A

Communication between the pharynx and the middle ear

51
Q

Where does the auditory tube enter?

A

Enters bulla at rostral end of middle ear

52
Q

What is the significance of the auditory tube?

A

It is a mjor pathway for entrance of infectioous agents

53
Q

Where is the cochlea contained?

A

Within the petrous temporal bone

54
Q

What are general pathologic changes that can happen in the ear?

A

Inflammation, glandular hyperplasia, epidermal hyperplasia, fibroplasia, ossification

55
Q

What can environmental changes lead to in otitis externa?

A

Increased temperature of ear canal, increased apocrine secretions (increased humidity, dilution of lipid content of wax), proliferation of micro-organisms

56
Q

Chronic, uncontrolled inflammation results in _____ changes.

A

progressive

57
Q

_____ hampers treatment!

A

fibrosis

58
Q

What is a key point to make with clients regarding diagnosis and management?

A

There is a need for aggressive diagnosis and management EARLY in the process

59
Q

What is the minimum treatment for folliculitis and furunculosis?

A

21-30 days

60
Q

What is adenitis?

A

Inflammation of the apocrine (ceruminous) glands

61
Q

Adenitis is present in all _____ otitis cases.

A

chronic

62
Q

What are the defense mechanisms of the ear?

A

Conformation, hair, cerumen, self-cleansing mechanism

63
Q

What are the 7 best practices in the management of otitis?

A
  1. Use appropriate diagnostics
  2. Prepare the canal for treatment
  3. Choose treatment wisely
  4. Medications must be administered properly
  5. Use quality control to evaluate treatment
  6. Consider long-term maintenance therapy
  7. ID and control primary factors

Dermatology (14 decks)

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