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Anamtomy & Physiology > Unit 2 - Chapter 9 - Muscular System > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Chapter 9 - Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

muscular tissue enables the body to do what

A

move (movement)

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2
Q

what is movement caused by

A

caused by ability of muscle cells called fibers to shorten or contract

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3
Q

how to muscle cells shorten/contract in order to create movement

A

by converting chemical energy (obtained from food) into mechanical energy

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4
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue found in the body

A

skeletal, cardiac and smooth

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5
Q

expand on skeletal muscle tissue

A
  • 40 - 50% of body weight
  • is the “red meat” attached to bones
  • has crosswise stipes of striations under the microscope
  • contractions can be voluntarily controlled
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6
Q

expand on cardiac muscle tissue

A
  • comprimised bulk of heart
  • has many branches
  • characterized by dark bands called “intercalated disks”
  • interconnected nature of cardiac muscle cells allows heart to contract efficiently as a unit
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7
Q

expand on smooth muscle tissue

A
  • also called nonstriated, involuntary visceral muscle
  • found in walls of hollow visceral structures (digestive tract, blood vessel, ureters)
  • involuntary contractions
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8
Q

expand on the major structures of the skeletal muscle

A
  • each skeletal muscle is an organ composed mainly of skeletal muscle cells and connective tissue
  • most skeletal muscles extend from one bone across a joint to another bone
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9
Q

what are the 3 parts of a skeletal muscle

A

origin, insertion and body

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10
Q

expand on the origin part of a skeletal muscle

A

attachement to the bone that remains relatively stationary or fixed when movement at the joint occurs

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11
Q

expand on the insertion part of a skeletal muscle

A

point of attachement to the bone that moves when a muscle contracts

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12
Q

expand on the body part of a skeletal muscle

A

its the main part of the muscle

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13
Q

what do skeletal muscles attach to bones by?

A

tendons

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14
Q

extand on tendons

A
  • they are strong cords of fibrous connective tissue
  • some tendons enclosed in synovial lined tubes called tendon sheaths
  • lubricated by synovial fluid
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15
Q

expand on bursae

A
  • small synovial lines sacs containing a small amount of synovial fluid
  • located between some tendons and underlying bones
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16
Q

what microscopic structures do skeletal muscles contains

A
  • contractile cells or muscle fibers
  • sarcomere
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17
Q

expand on contractile cells/muscle fibers found in skeletal muscle

A
  • grouped into bundles and inricately arranged
  • contain thick myofilaments (containing the protein myosin)
  • contain thin myofilaments (composed of actin)
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18
Q

expand on sarcomere (contractile unit) found in skeletal muscle

A
  • seperated from one another by dark bands called Z lines
  • contraction works as follows

thick and thin myofilaments slide past each other as a muscle contracts

contraction requires calcium and energy rich adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules

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19
Q

there are different groups of muscles that produce a single movement. what are those 3 groups of muscles.

A

prime mover
synergist
antagonist

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20
Q

expand on the prime mover when it comes to producing movement

A

muscle whose contraction if mainly responsible for producing a given movement

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21
Q

expand on the synergist when it comes to producing a single movement

A

muscle whose contractions help the prome mover produce a given movement

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22
Q

expand on the antagonist when it comes to producing a single movement

A

muscle whose actions oppose the action of a prime mover in any given movement

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23
Q

expand on posture

A
  • a type of muscle contraction called tonic contraction enables us to maintain body position
  • only a few of a muscles fibers shorten at one time
  • tonic contractions produce no movement of body parts
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24
Q

expand on heat production

A
  • survival depends on the bodys ability to maintain a constant body temperature
  • contraction of muscle fibers produces most of the heat requires to maintain normal body temperature
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25
Q

expand on muscle fatigue

A
  • reduced strength of muscle contraction
  • caused by repeated muscle stimulation without adequate periods of rest
  • repeated muscular contraction depletes cellular ATP stores and outstrips the ability of the blood supply to replenish oxygen and nutrients
  • contraction in the absense of adequate oxygen produces lactic acid, which contributes to muscle burning
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26
Q

what is oxygen debt in terms of muscle fatigue

A
  • metabolic effort required to burn excess lactic acid that may accumulate during prolonged periods of exercise
  • labored breathing after strenuous exercise is required to pay the debt
  • this increated metabolism helps restore energy and oxygen reserves to pre-exercise levels
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27
Q

what does mucle functioning depend on

A

depends on functioning of mnay other parts of the body

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28
Q

how do muscles cause movement

A

by pulling on bones across movable joints

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29
Q

what systems play an important role in producing normal movements

A

respiratory, circulatory, nervous, muscular and skeletal

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30
Q

what is a motor unit

A

the combo of a motor neuron and the muscle cell or cell it innervates

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31
Q

in terms of the motor unit - how do muscles move

A

stimulation of a muscle by a nerve (motor neuron) impulse is required before a muscle can shorten and produce movement

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32
Q

what is a motor neuron

A

nerve cell that transmits an impulse to a muscle, causing contraction

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33
Q

expand on the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

A

it’s the point of contact between a nerve ending and the muscle fiber it innervates

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34
Q

a muscle only contracts when…..

A

an applied stimulus reached a certain minimal level of inensity (called a threshold stimulus)

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35
Q

what happens once the muscle is stimulated by the threshold stimulus

A

the muscle fiber wil contract completely ( a response called all or none)

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36
Q

are all muscle fibers controlled by the same motor unit

A

no, they all have different motor units that have different threshold-stimulus levels

37
Q

expand on twitch contractions

A

quick, jerky responsed to a stimulus

38
Q

expand on tetanic contractions

A

sustained and steady muscular contractions caused by a series of stimuli bombarding a muscle in rapid succession

39
Q

what is a isotonic contraction

A

contraction of a muscle that produces movement at a jount

40
Q

what happens during isotonic contractions

A

the muscle changes length, causing the insertion end of the muscle to move relative to the point of origin

41
Q

what do concentric contractions do

A

shorten muscles

42
Q

what do eccentric contractions fo

A

allow muscles to increase in length

43
Q

what type of contraction cause most body moevements

A

isotonic contractions

44
Q

what are isometric contractions

A

muscle contractions that do not produce movement; the muscle as a whole does not shorten

45
Q

what happens during isometric contractiongs

A
  • no movement occurs
  • thension withtin the muscle increases
46
Q

what happens to muscles during prolonged inactivity

A

causes disuse atrophy

47
Q

what happens to muscles during regular exercise

A

increases muscle size, called hypertrophy

48
Q

what is strength trainjing

A

contraction of mucles against heavy resistance

49
Q

what happens to muscles during strength training

A
  • increased the number of myofilaments in each muscle fiber, and as a result, the total mass of the muscle increases
  • DOES NOT INCREASE NUMBER OF MUSCLE FIBERS
50
Q

what does endurance training do to muscles

A
  • allows more efficient delivery of oxygen and nutrients to a muscle via increased blood flow
  • DOES NOT USUALLY RESULT IN MUSCULAR HYPERTROPHY
51
Q

what is a flexion and give an example

A

movement that decreased the angle between two bones at their joint (bending)

52
Q

what is an extension and provide an example

A
  • movement that increases the angle between two bones at their joint (straightening)
53
Q

what is abduction

A

movement of a part away from the midline of the body

54
Q

what is adduction

A

movement of a part toward the midline of the body

55
Q

what is rotation/circumduction

A

movement around a longitudial axis

56
Q

what is supination

A

supination results in a hand position with the palm turned to the anterior position; (facing upward)

57
Q

what is pronation

A

hand position that occurs when the palm faces posterior (facing to the floor)

58
Q

what is dorsiflexion

A

foot movement that results in elevation of the dorsum or top of the foot

59
Q

what is plantar flexion

A

the bottom of the foot is directed downward

60
Q

what are muscles of the head and neck

A

orbicularis oculi
orbicularis oris
zygomaticus

61
Q

what are the muscles of mastication

A

masseter and temporal

62
Q

what does the sternocleidomastoid do

A

flexes head

63
Q

what does the trapezius do

A

elevates shoulders and extends head

64
Q

what are the muscles of the upper extremities

A

pectoralis major
latissimus dorsi
deltoid
biceps brachii
triceps brachii

65
Q

what does the pectoralis major do

A

flexes upper arm

66
Q

what does the latissimus dorsi do

A

extends upper arm

67
Q

what does the deltoid do

A

abducts upper arm

68
Q

what does the biceps brachii do

A

flexes forearm

69
Q

what does the triceps brachii do

A

extends forearm

70
Q

what are the abdominal muscles

A

rectus abdominis
external oblique
internal oblique
- transversus abdominis

71
Q

what are respiratory mucles

A

intercostal muscles
diaphragm

72
Q

what are the muscles of the lower extremeities

A

illiopsoas
glueus maximus
adductor mucles
hamstring muscles

73
Q

what does the gluteus maximus do

A

extends thigh

74
Q

what does the adductor muscle do

A

adduct thighs

75
Q

what does the hamstring muscle do

A

flex leg

76
Q

what does the quadriceps femoris group do

A

extend leg

77
Q

what does the tibialis anterior do

A

dorsilflexes foot

78
Q

what does the gastrocnemius do

A

plantar flexes foot

79
Q

what does the fibularis group do

A

flexes foot

80
Q

what are myopathies

A

muscle disorders which can range from milk to life-threatening

81
Q

what causes a muscle strain (injury)

A

overexertion or trauma
- involves stretching or tearing of muscle fibers

82
Q

what are muscle cramps

A

painful muscle spasms (involuntary twitches)

83
Q

what do crush injuries result from

A

severe muscle trauma and may release cell contents that ultimately cause kidney failure

84
Q

stress-induced muscle tension can cause what

A

headaches and back pain

85
Q

expand on muscle infections and provide an example

A
  • several bacteria, viruses and parasites can infect muscles
  • poliomyelitits is a viral infection of motor nerves that ranges from mild to life threatening
86
Q

what is muscular dystrophy

A

a group of genetic disorders characterized by muscle atrophy

87
Q

what is the most common type of muscular dystrophy and expand on it

A
  • duchenne muscular dystrophy
  • characterized by rapid progression of weakness and atrophy
  • x linked inherited disease, affecting mostly boys
88
Q

what is myasthenia gravis

A

autoimmune muscle disease characterized by weakness and chronic fatigue

Anamtomy & Physiology (11 decks)

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