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Anamtomy & Physiology > Unit 2 - Chapter 8 - Skeletal System > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Chapter 8 - Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the primary organ of the skeletal system and expand on their location/surroundings

A

the bones, they are buried beneath the muscles and ofther soft tissues, providing a rigid framework and supporting structures for the whole body

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2
Q

what is an anology for the skeletal system

A

the skeletal system provides the internal framework for the body much like tent poles help maintain the structure of a tent

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3
Q

in what scenerio can the skeletal system provide support to the whole body

A

only when the composition of the bone is strong enough to hold the body weight and flexible enough to withstand twisting forces

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4
Q

what does the the skeletal system protect

A
  • soft tissues
  • brain
  • vital organs
  • blood cell forming tissue
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5
Q

what makes movement possible

A
  • the firm attachement between bones and muscles
  • as muscles contract and shorten, they pull on bones and thereby move them
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6
Q

expand on the storage system of the skeletal system

A
  • bones maintain homeostasis of blood calcium
  • bones serve as a safety box for calcium.
  • when there is too much calcium in the blood, it moves into the bones for storage
  • when there is too little in the blood, calcium moves out of the bones into the blood
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7
Q

what does calcitonin from the thyroid gland do to calcium

A

it increases the mineralization of bone and thus reduces blood calcium

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8
Q

what does parathyroid hormone do to calcium

A

it counterbalances the effects of calcitonin by decreasing calcium in the bone and thus increasing blood calcium

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9
Q

what do the medularry cavities inside of long bones store

A

fat

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10
Q

what is hematopoiesis

A

the process of blood cell formation

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11
Q

what is red bone marrow and what does it do

A
  • it’s a soft connective tissue
  • produces both rbcs, wbcs and platelets
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12
Q

what are the 4 or 5 (some scientists believe there is only 4) different types of bones

A
  • long bones
  • short bones
  • flat bones
  • irregular bones
  • sesamoid/round bones (develop within a tendon)
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13
Q

expand on the diaphysis of a long bone

A

hollow tube made of hard compace bone, hence a rigid and strong structure light enough in weight to permit easy movement

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14
Q

expand on the medullary cavity of a long bone

A

hollow area inside the diaphysis of a bone which contains soft yellow bone marrow, which is an inactive fatty form of marrow

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15
Q

expand on the epiphyses of a long bone

A

the ends of a long bone

red bone marrow filld in small spaces in the spongy bone inside here, some yellow marrow may appear as a person ages

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16
Q

expand on the articular cartilage of a long bone

A

thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering each epiphysis; functions like a thin, smooth rubber cushion would if it were places over the ends of bones where they form a joint

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17
Q

expand on the periosteum of a long bone

A

strong membrane of dense fibroud tissue covering a long bone everywhere except at joint surfaces, where it is covered by articular cartilage

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18
Q

expand on the endosteum of a long bone

A

thin membrane that lines the medullry cavity

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19
Q

expand on the structure of flat bones

A
  • has a simplier structure than long bones
  • have a layer of cancellous bone (called diploe) between the outer layers of compact bone
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20
Q

expand on cancellous bone

A
  • contains many spaces
  • not soft or spongy
  • made of a crisscrossing network of beams of hard bone (called trabeculae)
  • the cavities in between contain red or yellow marrow
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21
Q

expand on the organization of compact bone

A
  • organized into numeroud structural units called osteons or haversian systems
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22
Q

expand on osteons

A

composed of calcified matrix’s arranged in multiple layers that resemble the rings of an onion

each ring is called a concentric lamella

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23
Q

expand on concentric lamella’s

A

they surround the central canal, or haversian canal, which contain blood vessels and nerves

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24
Q

expand on the central canal

A

they are connected to each other by transerse canals sometimes called volkmann canals

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25
what are bone cells called and what were they perviously
osteocytes, which were previously osteoblasts
26
where do the osteocytes lie
in between the hard layers of the lamellae in little spaces called lacunae
27
expand on lacunae
little canals/passageways called canaliculi connect the lacunae with one another and with central canal in rach osteon
28
expand on cartilage
- collagenous fibers reinforce the matrix, whose fibers are embedded in a firm gel instead on being encrusted in a hard material - has flexibility of a firm plastic - rebuild itself very slowly after injury
29
what are cartiliage cells called
chondrocytes
30
what does the skeleton consist of in a baby still in utero
not of bones, but of cartilage and fibrous structures shaped like bones
31
what happens to the skeleton of a baby
slowly it transforms from being made of cartilage to being made of bone - it does this by bone forming cells called osteoblasts and bone dissolving cells called osteoclasts
32
what is endochondral ossification
the process of bones that are formed from cartilage models
33
what is intramembranous ossification
when bones, such as the skull bones are formed by the calcification of fibrous membranes in a process called intramembranous ossification
34
what are fontanels
the soft spots on a newborns skull that are fibourous membrane that have not fully ossified
35
what are the 2 divisions of the human skeleton
axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
36
what makes up the axial skeleton
bones of the center of the body (skull, spine, chest, hypoid in the neck) are all in the axial skeleton
37
what makes up the appendicular skeleton
bones of the upper and lower extremities or appendages (shoulder, arms, forarms, wrists, hands, hip, pelvic girle, thighs, legs, ankles and feet)
38
how many bones make up the different regions of the skull?
- 8 bones make up the cranium - 14 bones make up the face - 6 bones make up the middle ear
39
what are sinuses
spaces or cavities inside some of the cranial bones
40
what are the names of the 4 pairs of sinuses that make up the paranasal sinuses
frontal maxilla sphenoid ethmoid
41
what is mastoiditis
inflammation of the air spaces within the mastoid portion of the temporal bone
42
expand on the lambdoidal suture
joins posterior margins of parietal bones to the occipital bone
43
expand on the squamous sutures
joins lateral margin of each parietal bone with the superior marigin of the temporal bone and to the lateral part of the sphenoid bone
44
expand on the coronal suture
joins the anterior margins of parietal bones with the posterior margin of the frontal bone
45
expand on the sagittal suture
joins the medial margins of the parietal margins to each other
46
expand on the hyoid bone
- looks like a v - does not form a joint with any other bone - serves as an anchor for tongue muscles and helps support the larynx
47
how many vertebrae make up the vertebral column
24 bones
48
what are the areas of the spine from top to bottom
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
49
what are the first and second cervical vertebrae called
first is atlas and second is axis
50
expand on the sacrum and coccyx
- 2 additional bones of the vertebral column located just below the 24 vertebrae
51
expand on convex curvatures
- thoracic and sarcal curves that round outward
52
expand on concave curvatures
- cervical and lumbar curves that curve inward
53
what is lordosis
when the lumbar curve is unusually exaggerated
54
what is kyphosis or hunchback
atypical thoracic curvature
55
what is scoliosis
atypical side to side curvature
56
what makes up the thorax/chest
- 12 pairs of ribs - the sternum (breastbone) - thoracic vertebrae
57
of the 206 bones, how many are contained in the appendicular skeleton
126
58
what makes up the shoulder/pectoral girdle
the scapula/shoulder blade and the clavicle/collar bone
59
what occurs at the sternoclavicular joint
the only direct point of attachment between bones of the upper extremity and thorax
60
what is the long bone of the arm and the 2nd longest bone in the body
humerus
61
what are the 2 bones of the forearm
radius and ulna
62
expand on the number of bones in the wrist and hand
- 8 carpals of wrist bones - 5 metacrapal bones - 14 phalanges / finger bones
63
what does the hip/pelvic girdle consist of
- 2 large coxal bones
64
in an infant what does each coxal bone consist of
3 sepetate bones - ilium, ischium and pubis
65
expand on the femur
only bone in the thigh, largest bone in the body and articulates toward the hip with the coxal bone in a deep cup-shapes socket called the acetabulum
66
what does the femur join with
with the kneecap/patella and the tibia
67
expand on the fibula
a slender non-weight bearing and rather fragile boe that lies along tthe outer or lateral border of the leg
68
what are toe bones called
phalanges
69
what are the foot bones called
metatarsals and tarsals
70
expand on the 3 different arches found in the foot
- medial longitudinal arch is found on the inside part of the foot - lateral longitudinal arch is found on the outer edge of the foot - transverse/metatarsal arch extends across the ball of the foot
71
expand on the condition called flatfeet
when the foot ligaments and tendons weaken and the arched flatten
72
what happens if you don't consume enough vitamin d or calcium in the developmental years
the skeleton may not reach its full potential of growth or it may show signs of early degeneration
73
what is another name for joint
articulations
74
what are the 3 different types of joints and list their degree of movement
synarthroses - no movement amphiarthroses - slight movement diarthroses - free movement
75
expand on synarthroses
no movement - this characteristic is produced by the fibrous connective tissue (ligaments) between the articulating (joining) bones, holding them together. the joints between cranial bones are these, but are also called sutures
76
expant on amphiarthrosis
slight movement - made up of fibrocatilage which joins the bones tightly. examples are pubis and vertebral disk.
77
expand on diarthroses
free movement - have a joint capsule, a joint cavity and a layer of articular cartilage over the ends of 2 joining bones
78
what are the different types of diarthroses
ball and socket hinge pivot saddle gliding condyloid
79
expand on ball and socket joints
where a ball shaped head of one bone fits into a concave socket of another bone (shoulder, hip joints)
80
expand on hinge joints
allow movement in only 2 directions - flexion is bending a joint - extension is straightening a joint
81
expand on pivot joints
where a small projection of one bone pivots in an arch of another bone - pivoting motion is referred to as rotation
82
expand on saddle joints
only one pair in the body - between the metacarpal bone of each thumb and a carpal bone of the wrist. allows us to flex, extend, abduct, adduct and curcumduct our thumbs.
83
expand on gliding joints
least movable diarthrotic joints. flat articulating surfaces allow limited gliding movements
84
expand on condyloid joints
where a condyle (oval projection) fits into an elliptical socket
85
what is an osteosarcome
- most common bone tumor - occur most often in the femur
86
what is chondrosarcoma
a cancer of skeletal hyaline cartilage tissue - second most common type of cancer affecting bones - most common in humerus, femur, ribs and pelvic bones
87
what is osteoporosis
a condition in which bones lose minerals and become less dense
88
what is rickets (in children) and osteomalacia (in adults)
metabolic skeletal disease that is characterized by loss of minerals from the bone because of vitamin d deficiency
89
what is paget disease/osteitis deformans
localized, intermittent and uncontrolled episodes of bone-reabsorbing and bone-forming activity
90
what is osteogenesis imperfecta/brittle bone disease
genetic disease tbat cahses a lack of production of the fibrous matrix of bone
91
what is osteomyelitis
general name for bacterial infections of bone and marrow tissue
92
expand on open fractures/compound fractures
where bone pierces the skin
93
expand on closed/simple fractures
where bones do not pierce the skin
94
expand on complete fractures
bone fragments seperate completely
95
expand on incomplete fracture
- bone fragments are still partially joines - bone is bent but only broken on the outer curve
96
expand on comminutes fractures
breaks that produce many fragments
97
expand on impacted fractures
occur when bone fragments drive into each other
98
what is a linear fracture
fracture line is parallel to the bones long axis
99
what is a transverse fracture
fracture line is at a right angle to the bones long axis
100
what is an oblique fracture
fracture line is diagonal to the bones long axis
101
what is osteoarthritis/degenerative joint disease
- atypical formation of new bone and degeneration of articular cartilage
102
what is a dislocation
when the articular surfaces of bones forming the joint are no longer in proper contact with each other
103
what is a subluxation
a partial or minor dislocation in which the bones are slightly misaligned
104
what is a sprain
an acute injury to the ligaments around a joint
105
what is arthritis
a general name for many different inflammatory joint diseases
106
what is rheumatoid arthritis
- autoimmune disease that involves chronic inflammation of connective tissues
107
what is juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
more severe than the adult form - involves deteriation and deformitiy of joints
108
what is gouty arthritis
chronicc type of joint inflammation that can progress from gout (metabolic condition)

Anamtomy & Physiology (11 decks)

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