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Anamtomy & Physiology > Unit 2 - Chapter 8 - Skeletal System > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Chapter 8 - Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the primary organ of the skeletal system and expand on their location/surroundings

A

the bones, they are buried beneath the muscles and ofther soft tissues, providing a rigid framework and supporting structures for the whole body

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2
Q

what is an anology for the skeletal system

A

the skeletal system provides the internal framework for the body much like tent poles help maintain the structure of a tent

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3
Q

in what scenerio can the skeletal system provide support to the whole body

A

only when the composition of the bone is strong enough to hold the body weight and flexible enough to withstand twisting forces

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4
Q

what does the the skeletal system protect

A
  • soft tissues
  • brain
  • vital organs
  • blood cell forming tissue
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5
Q

what makes movement possible

A
  • the firm attachement between bones and muscles
  • as muscles contract and shorten, they pull on bones and thereby move them
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6
Q

expand on the storage system of the skeletal system

A
  • bones maintain homeostasis of blood calcium
  • bones serve as a safety box for calcium.
  • when there is too much calcium in the blood, it moves into the bones for storage
  • when there is too little in the blood, calcium moves out of the bones into the blood
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7
Q

what does calcitonin from the thyroid gland do to calcium

A

it increases the mineralization of bone and thus reduces blood calcium

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8
Q

what does parathyroid hormone do to calcium

A

it counterbalances the effects of calcitonin by decreasing calcium in the bone and thus increasing blood calcium

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9
Q

what do the medularry cavities inside of long bones store

A

fat

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10
Q

what is hematopoiesis

A

the process of blood cell formation

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11
Q

what is red bone marrow and what does it do

A
  • it’s a soft connective tissue
  • produces both rbcs, wbcs and platelets
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12
Q

what are the 4 or 5 (some scientists believe there is only 4) different types of bones

A
  • long bones
  • short bones
  • flat bones
  • irregular bones
  • sesamoid/round bones (develop within a tendon)
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13
Q

expand on the diaphysis of a long bone

A

hollow tube made of hard compace bone, hence a rigid and strong structure light enough in weight to permit easy movement

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14
Q

expand on the medullary cavity of a long bone

A

hollow area inside the diaphysis of a bone which contains soft yellow bone marrow, which is an inactive fatty form of marrow

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15
Q

expand on the epiphyses of a long bone

A

the ends of a long bone

red bone marrow filld in small spaces in the spongy bone inside here, some yellow marrow may appear as a person ages

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16
Q

expand on the articular cartilage of a long bone

A

thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering each epiphysis; functions like a thin, smooth rubber cushion would if it were places over the ends of bones where they form a joint

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17
Q

expand on the periosteum of a long bone

A

strong membrane of dense fibroud tissue covering a long bone everywhere except at joint surfaces, where it is covered by articular cartilage

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18
Q

expand on the endosteum of a long bone

A

thin membrane that lines the medullry cavity

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19
Q

expand on the structure of flat bones

A
  • has a simplier structure than long bones
  • have a layer of cancellous bone (called diploe) between the outer layers of compact bone
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20
Q

expand on cancellous bone

A
  • contains many spaces
  • not soft or spongy
  • made of a crisscrossing network of beams of hard bone (called trabeculae)
  • the cavities in between contain red or yellow marrow
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21
Q

expand on the organization of compact bone

A
  • organized into numeroud structural units called osteons or haversian systems
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22
Q

expand on osteons

A

composed of calcified matrix’s arranged in multiple layers that resemble the rings of an onion

each ring is called a concentric lamella

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23
Q

expand on concentric lamella’s

A

they surround the central canal, or haversian canal, which contain blood vessels and nerves

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24
Q

expand on the central canal

A

they are connected to each other by transerse canals sometimes called volkmann canals

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25
Q

what are bone cells called and what were they perviously

A

osteocytes, which were previously osteoblasts

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26
Q

where do the osteocytes lie

A

in between the hard layers of the lamellae in little spaces called lacunae

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27
Q

expand on lacunae

A

little canals/passageways called canaliculi connect the lacunae with one another and with central canal in rach osteon

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28
Q

expand on cartilage

A
  • collagenous fibers reinforce the matrix, whose fibers are embedded in a firm gel instead on being encrusted in a hard material
  • has flexibility of a firm plastic
  • rebuild itself very slowly after injury
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29
Q

what are cartiliage cells called

A

chondrocytes

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30
Q

what does the skeleton consist of in a baby still in utero

A

not of bones, but of cartilage and fibrous structures shaped like bones

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31
Q

what happens to the skeleton of a baby

A

slowly it transforms from being made of cartilage to being made of bone
- it does this by bone forming cells called osteoblasts and bone dissolving cells called osteoclasts

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32
Q

what is endochondral ossification

A

the process of bones that are formed from cartilage models

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33
Q

what is intramembranous ossification

A

when bones, such as the skull bones are formed by the calcification of fibrous membranes in a process called intramembranous ossification

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34
Q

what are fontanels

A

the soft spots on a newborns skull that are fibourous membrane that have not fully ossified

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35
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the human skeleton

A

axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

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36
Q

what makes up the axial skeleton

A

bones of the center of the body (skull, spine, chest, hypoid in the neck) are all in the axial skeleton

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37
Q

what makes up the appendicular skeleton

A

bones of the upper and lower extremities or appendages (shoulder, arms, forarms, wrists, hands, hip, pelvic girle, thighs, legs, ankles and feet)

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38
Q

how many bones make up the different regions of the skull?

A
  • 8 bones make up the cranium
  • 14 bones make up the face
  • 6 bones make up the middle ear
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39
Q

what are sinuses

A

spaces or cavities inside some of the cranial bones

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40
Q

what are the names of the 4 pairs of sinuses that make up the paranasal sinuses

A

frontal
maxilla
sphenoid
ethmoid

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41
Q

what is mastoiditis

A

inflammation of the air spaces within the mastoid portion of the temporal bone

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42
Q

expand on the lambdoidal suture

A

joins posterior margins of parietal bones to the occipital bone

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43
Q

expand on the squamous sutures

A

joins lateral margin of each parietal bone with the superior marigin of the temporal bone and to the lateral part of the sphenoid bone

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44
Q

expand on the coronal suture

A

joins the anterior margins of parietal bones with the posterior margin of the frontal bone

45
Q

expand on the sagittal suture

A

joins the medial margins of the parietal margins to each other

46
Q

expand on the hyoid bone

A
  • looks like a v
  • does not form a joint with any other bone
  • serves as an anchor for tongue muscles and helps support the larynx
47
Q

how many vertebrae make up the vertebral column

A

24 bones

48
Q

what are the areas of the spine from top to bottom

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

49
Q

what are the first and second cervical vertebrae called

A

first is atlas and second is axis

50
Q

expand on the sacrum and coccyx

A
  • 2 additional bones of the vertebral column located just below the 24 vertebrae
51
Q

expand on convex curvatures

A
  • thoracic and sarcal curves that round outward
52
Q

expand on concave curvatures

A
  • cervical and lumbar curves that curve inward
53
Q

what is lordosis

A

when the lumbar curve is unusually exaggerated

54
Q

what is kyphosis or hunchback

A

atypical thoracic curvature

55
Q

what is scoliosis

A

atypical side to side curvature

56
Q

what makes up the thorax/chest

A
  • 12 pairs of ribs
  • the sternum (breastbone)
  • thoracic vertebrae
57
Q

of the 206 bones, how many are contained in the appendicular skeleton

A

126

58
Q

what makes up the shoulder/pectoral girdle

A

the scapula/shoulder blade and the clavicle/collar bone

59
Q

what occurs at the sternoclavicular joint

A

the only direct point of attachment between bones of the upper extremity and thorax

60
Q

what is the long bone of the arm and the 2nd longest bone in the body

A

humerus

61
Q

what are the 2 bones of the forearm

A

radius and ulna

62
Q

expand on the number of bones in the wrist and hand

A
  • 8 carpals of wrist bones
  • 5 metacrapal bones
  • 14 phalanges / finger bones
63
Q

what does the hip/pelvic girdle consist of

A
  • 2 large coxal bones
64
Q

in an infant what does each coxal bone consist of

A

3 sepetate bones - ilium, ischium and pubis

65
Q

expand on the femur

A

only bone in the thigh, largest bone in the body and articulates toward the hip with the coxal bone in a deep cup-shapes socket called the acetabulum

66
Q

what does the femur join with

A

with the kneecap/patella and the tibia

67
Q

expand on the fibula

A

a slender non-weight bearing and rather fragile boe that lies along tthe outer or lateral border of the leg

68
Q

what are toe bones called

A

phalanges

69
Q

what are the foot bones called

A

metatarsals and tarsals

70
Q

expand on the 3 different arches found in the foot

A
  • medial longitudinal arch is found on the inside part of the foot
  • lateral longitudinal arch is found on the outer edge of the foot
  • transverse/metatarsal arch extends across the ball of the foot
71
Q

expand on the condition called flatfeet

A

when the foot ligaments and tendons weaken and the arched flatten

72
Q

what happens if you don’t consume enough vitamin d or calcium in the developmental years

A

the skeleton may not reach its full potential of growth or it may show signs of early degeneration

73
Q

what is another name for joint

A

articulations

74
Q

what are the 3 different types of joints and list their degree of movement

A

synarthroses - no movement
amphiarthroses - slight movement
diarthroses - free movement

75
Q

expand on synarthroses

A

no movement - this characteristic is produced by the fibrous connective tissue (ligaments) between the articulating (joining) bones, holding them together. the joints between cranial bones are these, but are also called sutures

76
Q

expant on amphiarthrosis

A

slight movement - made up of fibrocatilage which joins the bones tightly. examples are pubis and vertebral disk.

77
Q

expand on diarthroses

A

free movement - have a joint capsule, a joint cavity and a layer of articular cartilage over the ends of 2 joining bones

78
Q

what are the different types of diarthroses

A

ball and socket
hinge
pivot
saddle
gliding
condyloid

79
Q

expand on ball and socket joints

A

where a ball shaped head of one bone fits into a concave socket of another bone (shoulder, hip joints)

80
Q

expand on hinge joints

A

allow movement in only 2 directions
- flexion is bending a joint
- extension is straightening a joint

81
Q

expand on pivot joints

A

where a small projection of one bone pivots in an arch of another bone
- pivoting motion is referred to as rotation

82
Q

expand on saddle joints

A

only one pair in the body - between the metacarpal bone of each thumb and a carpal bone of the wrist. allows us to flex, extend, abduct, adduct and curcumduct our thumbs.

83
Q

expand on gliding joints

A

least movable diarthrotic joints. flat articulating surfaces allow limited gliding movements

84
Q

expand on condyloid joints

A

where a condyle (oval projection) fits into an elliptical socket

85
Q

what is an osteosarcome

A
  • most common bone tumor
  • occur most often in the femur
86
Q

what is chondrosarcoma

A

a cancer of skeletal hyaline cartilage tissue
- second most common type of cancer affecting bones
- most common in humerus, femur, ribs and pelvic bones

87
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

a condition in which bones lose minerals and become less dense

88
Q

what is rickets (in children) and osteomalacia (in adults)

A

metabolic skeletal disease that is characterized by loss of minerals from the bone because of vitamin d deficiency

89
Q

what is paget disease/osteitis deformans

A

localized, intermittent and uncontrolled episodes of bone-reabsorbing and bone-forming activity

90
Q

what is osteogenesis imperfecta/brittle bone disease

A

genetic disease tbat cahses a lack of production of the fibrous matrix of bone

91
Q

what is osteomyelitis

A

general name for bacterial infections of bone and marrow tissue

92
Q

expand on open fractures/compound fractures

A

where bone pierces the skin

93
Q

expand on closed/simple fractures

A

where bones do not pierce the skin

94
Q

expand on complete fractures

A

bone fragments seperate completely

95
Q

expand on incomplete fracture

A
  • bone fragments are still partially joines
  • bone is bent but only broken on the outer curve
96
Q

expand on comminutes fractures

A

breaks that produce many fragments

97
Q

expand on impacted fractures

A

occur when bone fragments drive into each other

98
Q

what is a linear fracture

A

fracture line is parallel to the bones long axis

99
Q

what is a transverse fracture

A

fracture line is at a right angle to the bones long axis

100
Q

what is an oblique fracture

A

fracture line is diagonal to the bones long axis

101
Q

what is osteoarthritis/degenerative joint disease

A
  • atypical formation of new bone and degeneration of articular cartilage
102
Q

what is a dislocation

A

when the articular surfaces of bones forming the joint are no longer in proper contact with each other

103
Q

what is a subluxation

A

a partial or minor dislocation in which the bones are slightly misaligned

104
Q

what is a sprain

A

an acute injury to the ligaments around a joint

105
Q

what is arthritis

A

a general name for many different inflammatory joint diseases

106
Q

what is rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • autoimmune disease that involves chronic inflammation of connective tissues
107
Q

what is juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

A

more severe than the adult form
- involves deteriation and deformitiy of joints

108
Q

what is gouty arthritis

A

chronicc type of joint inflammation that can progress from gout (metabolic condition)

Anamtomy & Physiology (11 decks)

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