Unit 2 - Chapter 14 - Heart Flashcards
1
Q
expand on the location, size and position of the heart
A
- triangular organ located in the mediastinum with two-thirds of the mass to the left of the body midline and one-third to the right
- the apex is on the diaphragm
- shape and size is of a closed fist
2
Q
where does the heart lie between
A
between the sternum in front and the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae behind
3
Q
what does cpr stand for
A
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
4
Q
expand on cpr
A
rhythmic compression of the heart between the sternum and vertebrae can maintain blood flow during cardiac arrest
5
Q
expand on the 2 upper chambers
A
- called atria
- are the receiving chambers
6
Q
expand on the 2 lower chambers
A
- are called ventricles
- are the discharging chambers
7
Q
what is the heart chamber composed of
A
cardiac muscle tissue called myocardium
8
Q
what is the heart chambers lined with
A
endocardium
9
Q
expand on the inflammation of endocardium
A
- called endocarditis
- when inflammed it can become rough and abrasive and thereby can cause a thrombus
10
Q
what is the pericardium
A
a two layer fibrous sace with a lubricated space between the two layers
11
Q
what is the inner and outer layer of the pericardium called
A
- inner layer is visceral pericardium or epicardium
- outer layer is parietal pericardium
12
Q
what is inflammation of the pericardium called
A
pericarditis
13
Q
what is cardiac tamponade
A
compression of the heart caused by fluid building up between the visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium
14
Q
what is the contraction of the heart called
A
systole
15
Q
what is relaxation of the heart called
A
diastole
16
Q
what do heart valves do
A
keep blood flowing through the heart and prevent backflow
17
Q
what are the 2 kinds of atrioventricular (av) valves
A
- tricuspid
- bicuspid
18
Q
where is the tricuspid valve located
A
at the opening of the right atrium into the ventricle
19
Q
where is the bicuspid (mitral) valve located
A
at the opening of the left atrium into the ventricle
20
Q
what are the 2 types of semilunar (sl) valves
A
pulmonary semilunar and aortic semilunar
21
Q
where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located
A
at the beggining of the pulmonary artery
22
Q
where is the aortic semilunar valve located
A
at the beginning of the aorta
23
Q
expand on incompetent valves
A
- they leak, allowinf some blood to flow backward into the chamber from which it came
24
Q
expand on stenosed valves
A
- thy are narrower than normal, reducing blood flow
25
expand on rhematic heart disease
cardiac damage resulting from a delayed inflammatory respones to strep infection
26
expand on mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
incompetence of mitral valve caused by its edges extending back into left atrium when left ventricle contracts
27
what are the 2 distinct sounds in every heartbeat of cycle
lub dup
28
what creates the first sound in the heart beat (lub)
the vibration and closire of AV valves during contraction of the ventricles
29
what creates the 2nd sound of the heartbeat (dup)
the closure of the SL valves during relaxation of the ventricles
30
what are heart murmurs
abnormal heart sounds often caused by abnormal valves
31
expand on blood flow through the heart
the heart acts as 2 seperate pumps
- the right atrium and ventricle perform 1 function
- the left atrium and ventricle perform another function
32
expand on coronary circulation
Blood, which supplies oxygen and
nutrients to the myocardium of the
heart, flows through the right and left
coronary arteries
33
expand on coronary heart disease
- Coronary thrombosis and coronary
embolism involve a blood clot blocking
some part of a coronary artery
- Blood cannot flow through to the heart,
and those cells start to die
- Myocardial infarction (MI), or tissue
death, occurs
34
what is atherosclerosis
Type of “hardening of
arteries” in which lipids build up on the
inside wall of blood vessels; can
partially or totally block coronary blood
flow
35
what is angina pectoris
Chest pain caused by
inadequate oxygen to the heart
36
expand on coronary bypass surgery
- Common treatment for patients with
severely restricted coronary artery
blood flow
- Other veins or vessels are taken from
the body and used to bypass blockages
in the coronary arteries
37
expand on the cardiac cycle
- Heartbeat is regular and rhythmical—
each complete beat called a cardiac
cycle—average is about 72 beats per
minute
- Each cycle, about 0.8 seconds long,
subdivided into systole (contraction
phase) and diastole (relaxation phase)
38
where is the SA (sinoatrial) node, the pacemaker found
Located in the wall of the right atrium near
the opening of the superior vena cava
39
wher is the AV (atrioventricular) node found
Located in the right atrium along the lower part of the interatrial septum
40
where is the AV bundle (bundle of his) found
located in the septum of the ventricle
41
where is the purkinje fibers (subendocardial fibers) found
located in the walls of the ventricles
42
expand on electrocardiography
-Specialized conduction system structures
generate and transmit the electrical
impulses that result in contraction of the
heart
- These tiny electrical impulses traveling
through the heart's conduction system
can be picked up on the surface of the
body and transformed into visible tracings
by a machine called an
electrocardiograph
- The visible tracing of these electrical
signals is called an electrocardiogram
43
what are the names of the 3 deflections of and ECG (electrocardiogram)
- p wave
- QRS complec
- t wave
44
what is the p wave of an ecg associated with
depolirization of the atria
45
what is the qrs complex of an ecg associated with
depolirization of the ventricles
46
what is the t wave of an ecg associated with
repolarization of the ventricles
47
what is cardiac dysrhythmia
abnormality of heart rhythm
48
what is heart block
conduction of impulses is blockes
49
what is complete heart block
impaired AV node conduction, producing complete dissociate of P waves from QRS complexes
50
how can heart block be treated
by implanting an artificial pacemaker
51
what is bradycardia
slow heart rate of less than 60 beats/min
52
what is tachycardia
rapid heart rate of more than 100 beats/min
53
what is sinus dsyrhthymia
variation in heart rate during breathing cycle
54
what is a premature contraction (extrasystole)
contraction that occues sooner than expected in a normal rhythm
55
what is fibrillation
cardiac muscle fibers are out of step producing no effective pumping action
56
when does atrial fibrillation (AF or a-fib) occur
occurs in mitral stenosis, rheumatic heart disease and infraction of atrial mycocardium
57
when does ventricular fibrillation (VF or v-fib) occur
life threatening, occurs when a lack of ventricular pumping stops blood flow to vital tissues
58
what can defibrillation treat
can treat fibrillation by applying an electric shock to force cardiac dibers back into rhythm
59
what are AEDs (automatic external defibrillators)
small, lightweight devices that detect heart rhythms and can produce a shock, if necessary
60
when is atrial ablation used
used to treat atrial fibrillation by destroying heart muscle in a specific location and eliminating the pathway of abnormal electrical signals
61
what is stroke volume
the volume of blood ejected from one ventricle with each beat
62
what is cardiac output (CO)
the amount of blood that one ventricle can pump each minute (average is about 5L per minute at rest)
63
expand on the corelation between heart rate and the autonomic nervous system
the autonomic nervous system can alter the hearts rhythm to increase or decrease the heart rate
64
expand on stroke volume
- The volume of blood ejected by the
ventricles is determined by the volume of
blood returned to the heart by the veins,
or venous return
- The higher the venous return, the higher
the SV
- Strength of myocardial contraction also
helps determine SV
- Valve disorders, coronary artery blockage,
and myocardial infarction (MI) can all
decrease stroke volume and may decrease
cardiac output
65
what is heart failure
Inability to pump enough
returned blood to sustain life; it can be
caused by many different heart
diseases
66
what is right heart failure
Failure of the right side of the heart to pump blood, usually because the left side of the heart is not pumping effectively
67
what is left heart failure/congestive heart failure
Inability of the left
ventricle to pump effectively, resulting
in congestion of the systemic and
pulmonary circulations
