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Anamtomy & Physiology > Unit 2 - Chapter 14 - Heart > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Chapter 14 - Heart Flashcards

1
Q

expand on the location, size and position of the heart

A
  • triangular organ located in the mediastinum with two-thirds of the mass to the left of the body midline and one-third to the right
  • the apex is on the diaphragm
  • shape and size is of a closed fist
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2
Q

where does the heart lie between

A

between the sternum in front and the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae behind

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3
Q

what does cpr stand for

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

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4
Q

expand on cpr

A

rhythmic compression of the heart between the sternum and vertebrae can maintain blood flow during cardiac arrest

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5
Q

expand on the 2 upper chambers

A
  • called atria
  • are the receiving chambers
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6
Q

expand on the 2 lower chambers

A
  • are called ventricles
  • are the discharging chambers
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7
Q

what is the heart chamber composed of

A

cardiac muscle tissue called myocardium

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8
Q

what is the heart chambers lined with

A

endocardium

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9
Q

expand on the inflammation of endocardium

A
  • called endocarditis
  • when inflammed it can become rough and abrasive and thereby can cause a thrombus
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10
Q

what is the pericardium

A

a two layer fibrous sace with a lubricated space between the two layers

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11
Q

what is the inner and outer layer of the pericardium called

A
  • inner layer is visceral pericardium or epicardium
  • outer layer is parietal pericardium
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12
Q

what is inflammation of the pericardium called

A

pericarditis

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13
Q

what is cardiac tamponade

A

compression of the heart caused by fluid building up between the visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium

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14
Q

what is the contraction of the heart called

A

systole

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15
Q

what is relaxation of the heart called

A

diastole

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16
Q

what do heart valves do

A

keep blood flowing through the heart and prevent backflow

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17
Q

what are the 2 kinds of atrioventricular (av) valves

A
  • tricuspid
  • bicuspid
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18
Q

where is the tricuspid valve located

A

at the opening of the right atrium into the ventricle

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19
Q

where is the bicuspid (mitral) valve located

A

at the opening of the left atrium into the ventricle

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20
Q

what are the 2 types of semilunar (sl) valves

A

pulmonary semilunar and aortic semilunar

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21
Q

where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located

A

at the beggining of the pulmonary artery

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22
Q

where is the aortic semilunar valve located

A

at the beginning of the aorta

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23
Q

expand on incompetent valves

A
  • they leak, allowinf some blood to flow backward into the chamber from which it came
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24
Q

expand on stenosed valves

A
  • thy are narrower than normal, reducing blood flow
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25
Q

expand on rhematic heart disease

A

cardiac damage resulting from a delayed inflammatory respones to strep infection

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26
Q

expand on mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

A

incompetence of mitral valve caused by its edges extending back into left atrium when left ventricle contracts

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27
Q

what are the 2 distinct sounds in every heartbeat of cycle

A

lub dup

28
Q

what creates the first sound in the heart beat (lub)

A

the vibration and closire of AV valves during contraction of the ventricles

29
Q

what creates the 2nd sound of the heartbeat (dup)

A

the closure of the SL valves during relaxation of the ventricles

30
Q

what are heart murmurs

A

abnormal heart sounds often caused by abnormal valves

31
Q

expand on blood flow through the heart

A

the heart acts as 2 seperate pumps
- the right atrium and ventricle perform 1 function
- the left atrium and ventricle perform another function

32
Q

expand on coronary circulation

A

Blood, which supplies oxygen and
nutrients to the myocardium of the
heart, flows through the right and left
coronary arteries

33
Q

expand on coronary heart disease

A
  • Coronary thrombosis and coronary
    embolism involve a blood clot blocking
    some part of a coronary artery
  • Blood cannot flow through to the heart,
    and those cells start to die
  • Myocardial infarction (MI), or tissue
    death, occurs
34
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

Type of “hardening of
arteries” in which lipids build up on the
inside wall of blood vessels; can
partially or totally block coronary blood
flow

35
Q

what is angina pectoris

A

Chest pain caused by
inadequate oxygen to the heart

36
Q

expand on coronary bypass surgery

A
  • Common treatment for patients with
    severely restricted coronary artery
    blood flow
  • Other veins or vessels are taken from
    the body and used to bypass blockages
    in the coronary arteries
37
Q

expand on the cardiac cycle

A
  • Heartbeat is regular and rhythmical—
    each complete beat called a cardiac
    cycle—average is about 72 beats per
    minute
  • Each cycle, about 0.8 seconds long,
    subdivided into systole (contraction
    phase) and diastole (relaxation phase)
38
Q

where is the SA (sinoatrial) node, the pacemaker found

A

Located in the wall of the right atrium near
the opening of the superior vena cava

39
Q

wher is the AV (atrioventricular) node found

A

Located in the right atrium along the lower part of the interatrial septum

40
Q

where is the AV bundle (bundle of his) found

A

located in the septum of the ventricle

41
Q

where is the purkinje fibers (subendocardial fibers) found

A

located in the walls of the ventricles

42
Q

expand on electrocardiography

A

-Specialized conduction system structures
generate and transmit the electrical
impulses that result in contraction of the
heart
- These tiny electrical impulses traveling
through the heart’s conduction system
can be picked up on the surface of the
body and transformed into visible tracings
by a machine called an
electrocardiograph
- The visible tracing of these electrical
signals is called an electrocardiogram

43
Q

what are the names of the 3 deflections of and ECG (electrocardiogram)

A
  • p wave
  • QRS complec
  • t wave
44
Q

what is the p wave of an ecg associated with

A

depolirization of the atria

45
Q

what is the qrs complex of an ecg associated with

A

depolirization of the ventricles

46
Q

what is the t wave of an ecg associated with

A

repolarization of the ventricles

47
Q

what is cardiac dysrhythmia

A

abnormality of heart rhythm

48
Q

what is heart block

A

conduction of impulses is blockes

49
Q

what is complete heart block

A

impaired AV node conduction, producing complete dissociate of P waves from QRS complexes

50
Q

how can heart block be treated

A

by implanting an artificial pacemaker

51
Q

what is bradycardia

A

slow heart rate of less than 60 beats/min

52
Q

what is tachycardia

A

rapid heart rate of more than 100 beats/min

53
Q

what is sinus dsyrhthymia

A

variation in heart rate during breathing cycle

54
Q

what is a premature contraction (extrasystole)

A

contraction that occues sooner than expected in a normal rhythm

55
Q

what is fibrillation

A

cardiac muscle fibers are out of step producing no effective pumping action

56
Q

when does atrial fibrillation (AF or a-fib) occur

A

occurs in mitral stenosis, rheumatic heart disease and infraction of atrial mycocardium

57
Q

when does ventricular fibrillation (VF or v-fib) occur

A

life threatening, occurs when a lack of ventricular pumping stops blood flow to vital tissues

58
Q

what can defibrillation treat

A

can treat fibrillation by applying an electric shock to force cardiac dibers back into rhythm

59
Q

what are AEDs (automatic external defibrillators)

A

small, lightweight devices that detect heart rhythms and can produce a shock, if necessary

60
Q

when is atrial ablation used

A

used to treat atrial fibrillation by destroying heart muscle in a specific location and eliminating the pathway of abnormal electrical signals

61
Q

what is stroke volume

A

the volume of blood ejected from one ventricle with each beat

62
Q

what is cardiac output (CO)

A

the amount of blood that one ventricle can pump each minute (average is about 5L per minute at rest)

63
Q

expand on the corelation between heart rate and the autonomic nervous system

A

the autonomic nervous system can alter the hearts rhythm to increase or decrease the heart rate

64
Q

expand on stroke volume

A
  • The volume of blood ejected by the
    ventricles is determined by the volume of
    blood returned to the heart by the veins,
    or venous return
  • The higher the venous return, the higher
    the SV
  • Strength of myocardial contraction also
    helps determine SV
  • Valve disorders, coronary artery blockage,
    and myocardial infarction (MI) can all
    decrease stroke volume and may decrease
    cardiac output
65
Q

what is heart failure

A

Inability to pump enough
returned blood to sustain life; it can be
caused by many different heart
diseases

66
Q

what is right heart failure

A

Failure of the right side of the heart to pump blood, usually because the left side of the heart is not pumping effectively

67
Q

what is left heart failure/congestive heart failure

A

Inability of the left
ventricle to pump effectively, resulting
in congestion of the systemic and
pulmonary circulations

Anamtomy & Physiology (11 decks)

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