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Anamtomy & Physiology > Unit 1 - Chapter 3 - Cells > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Chapter 3 - Cells Flashcards

1
Q

expand on the plasma membrane

A
  • encloses the cytoplasm/is the outer boundary of the cell
  • has 2 layers of phosphate containing lipid molecules called phospholids that form a fluid framework
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2
Q

what does the plasma membrance contain and what does it do

A
  • cholesteral
  • stabilizes the phosphate molecules and keeps the fluid at the set body temp and the membrane flexible to prevent breakage
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3
Q

what are the functions of the plasma membrane

A
  • communication
  • life preserving functions
  • transport, signaling
  • ancgoring of fibers
  • chemical processing
  • gatweway between intercellular fluids and extrecellular fluids
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4
Q

what is the cytoplasm

A

internal living material of cells

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5
Q

what are the small structure that make up the cytoplasm called andwhat are the 2 different kinds

A
  • organelles
  • membranous and nonmembranous
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6
Q

expand on the 4 different structures found in the cytoplasm are

A
  • threadlike structures are called cytoskeleten
  • threadlike filaments are called microfilaments
  • thicker filaments are called intermidiate filaments
  • tiny hollow tubes are called microtubles
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7
Q

what is the function of the cytoplasm

A

provide movement and support

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8
Q

whar are ribosomes, what are they made of and what are some of them attached to

A
  • tiny particles throughout the cell
  • made of rna
  • some are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (er)
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9
Q

what are the 2 functions of ribosomes

A
  • make enzymes
  • make protein compounds
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10
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum

A

system of membranes that form a network of connecting sacs/canals that wind back/forth through the cytoplasm

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11
Q

what is the function of the rough er

A

receiving, folding and transporting newly made proteins

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12
Q

what is the function of the smooth er

A

manufacturing nre membranes

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13
Q

what does the golgi apparatus consist of

A

tiny flattened sacs stacked on one another near the nucleus

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14
Q

what are the functions of the golgi apparatus

A
  • chemically processing the molecules from the er by further folding, sorting and modifying proteins and combining eith other molecules to form proteins
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15
Q

where is and isnt the mitochondria found

A
  • found in all cells except red blood cells
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16
Q

what are the 3 functions of the mitochondria

A
  • power house of the cell
  • breakdown products of glucose and other nutrients to release energy
  • recharge atp molecules
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17
Q

what do lysosomes look like

A

small bubbles/sacs

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18
Q

what are the 3 functions of lysosomes

A
  • digest large nutrient molecules
  • digest microbes that invade the cell
  • when cell suicide (apoptosis) does not occur as usual, the cell wil lcause overgrowth of tissue causing a tumor
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19
Q

what does the centrosome contain and what is their function

A
  • centrioles
  • move chromosomes during cell division
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20
Q

what is the function of the centrosome

A

its the orgainizing center that organizes/moves structures within the cells

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21
Q

what are the 3 cell extensions

A

microvilli
cilia
flagella

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22
Q

expand on microvilli

A
  • small fingerlike projections of the cell membrane
  • increase the surface area, so in turn the absorption abilities of the cell
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23
Q

expand on cilia

A
  • fine hairlike extensions on the exposed or free surface of cells
  • allows cells to sense
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24
Q

expand on flagella

A
  • single projection extending from the cell surface
  • acts as a propellar that pushes the cell forward
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25
Q

what is the nucleus and what does it do

A
  • small sphere near the center of the cell
  • contains the cells genetic info which controls every organelle in the cytoplasm
  • controls cell reproduction
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26
Q

what is the nucleus surrounded by and what does it allow for

A
  • nuclear envelope which has tiny opening called nuclear pores
  • allows large molecules to move in and out of the nucleas
27
Q

what does the nucleus enclose and what 2 things does that contain

A
  • encloses the nucleoplasm
  • contains the nucleolus and chromatin granules
28
Q

what is the nucleous and what does it do

A
  • dense region
  • critical in protein formation because its where the cell makes the subunits that form ribosomes
29
Q

what are chromatin granules and what happen to dna molecules during cell division

A
  • made of proteins around which are segments of dna
  • during cell division dna molecules become coiled and are called chromosomes
30
Q

what is the difference between passive transport and active transport

A
  • passive transport requires no energy to move substances from a high concentration to a low concentration
  • active transport requires energy to move substances from a low concentration to a high concentration
31
Q

what are the 4 kinds of passive transport

A

diffusion
osmosis
dialysis
filtration

32
Q

expand on diffusion

A
  • where substances scatter themselves throughout available space (equillibrium)
  • high concentration to low
  • the key to diffusion across a membrane is the presence of pores big enough for the particles to pass through
33
Q

expand on osmosis

A
  • passive movement of water molecules through water channels in a selectively permeable membrane
  • results in dilution of a solution to a type of equillibrium called osmotic balance
  • fluid pressure is called osmotic pressure
  • high concentration to low
34
Q

expand on dialysis

A
  • solutes move across a seletively permeable membrane
  • results in an uneven distribution of solutes
  • high concentration to low
35
Q

expand on filtration

A
  • movement of water/solutes through a membrane as a result of a pushing force that is greater on one side
  • force is called hydrostatic pressure
  • high concentration to low
  • responsible for moving water/solutes from the blood to the fluid spaces of tissues
36
Q

what are the 3 types of active transport

A

ion pumps
phagocytosis
pinocytosis

37
Q

expand on ion pumps

A
  • movement of solute particles from an area of low concentration to high
38
Q

expand on phagocytosis

A

engulfing and eating of a large particle

39
Q

expand on pinocytosis

A

movement of fluid into a cell by trapping them in plasma membrane that pinches off inside the cell

40
Q

expand on cystic fibrosis

A
  • inherited condition that involves a varient of the gene that codes for chloride ion
  • digestion is compromised by thick pancreatic secretion that plugs pancreas and digestive tract
41
Q

expand on chlorea

A
  • bacterial infection that causes cells lining the intestines to leak chloride ion
  • causes diarrhea
42
Q

expand on dna

A
  • chromosomes are composed largely of DNA which contain the info needed to make proteins
  • the genetic code in dna is called genes and it determines the structure/function of all cell
43
Q

what smaller units is dna made of

A

nucleotides

44
Q

what is contained in a nucleotide

A
  • a base
  • a sugar
  • a phosphate
45
Q

what bases always pair together and what is these pairings called

A
  • adenine and thymine
  • guanine and cytosine
  • complementary base pairings
46
Q

what is the function of rna

A
  • directs the synthesis of a specific protein
  • acts as functional molecules that affect some of the chemical processes in a cell
47
Q

how many types of rna are there and what are their names

A

3
- mRNA (messenger rna)
- rRNA (ribosomal rna)
- tRNA (transfer rna)

48
Q

what is the function of mRNA

A

serves as a working copy of one protein coding gene

49
Q

what is the function of rRNA

A

component of the ribosome that attached to the mRNA and participates in translation

50
Q

what is the function of tRNA

A

carries a specific amino acid to specific codon of mRNA at the ribosome during translation

51
Q

how many types of protein synthesis are there and what are their names

A

2
transcription
translation

52
Q

expand on transcription

A
  • double stranded dna seperates and mRNA is formed
  • the mRNA is said to have been transcribed from its dna mold
  • the mRNA functions as a temporary working copy
  • the mRNA transcripts pass from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to direct protein synthesis
53
Q

expand on translation

A
  • process of translating the genetic code in the mRNA transcript
  • ribosomes move along the mRNA transcript and read the info encoded there to direct the choice/sequence of the appropriate chemical building blocks called amino acids
54
Q

what is a codon

A

series of 3 nucleotide bases that act a code representing a specific amino acid

55
Q

what are the 5 phases of a cells life cycle

A

interphase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

backwards it stands for TAMPI

56
Q

what happens in interphase

A
  • cell growth
  • replication of choromosomes
  • cell not actively dividing
  • most of a cells life is spend in the phasse
57
Q

what happens in prophase

A
  • chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes
  • chromatids become attached at the centromere
  • spindle fibers appear
  • nucleous.nuclear envelope disappear
58
Q

what happens in metaphase

A
  • spindle fibers attach to each chromatid
  • chromosomes align across the center of the cell
59
Q

what happens in anaphase

A
  • centromeres break apart
  • chromosomes move away from the center of the cell
  • the cleavage furrow appears
60
Q

what happens in telophase

A
  • nuclear envelope/both nuclei appear
  • cytoplasm/organelles divide equally
  • process of cell division is completed
61
Q

what is hypertrophy and what is it caused by

A
  • increase in size of individual cells
  • caused by strength training
62
Q

what is atrophy and what is it caused by

A
  • decrease in size of individual cells
  • caused by disuse of limbs
63
Q

what is hyperplasia and when does it happen

A
  • increase in cell reproduction
  • happens in skin tumors
64
Q

what is anaplasia and when does it happen

A
  • production of atypical cells
  • happens in lung cancer

Anamtomy & Physiology (8 decks)

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