Unit 1 - Chapter 3 - Cells Flashcards
1
Q
expand on the plasma membrane
A
- encloses the cytoplasm/is the outer boundary of the cell
- has 2 layers of phosphate containing lipid molecules called phospholids that form a fluid framework
2
Q
what does the plasma membrance contain and what does it do
A
- cholesteral
- stabilizes the phosphate molecules and keeps the fluid at the set body temp and the membrane flexible to prevent breakage
3
Q
what are the functions of the plasma membrane
A
- communication
- life preserving functions
- transport, signaling
- ancgoring of fibers
- chemical processing
- gatweway between intercellular fluids and extrecellular fluids
4
Q
what is the cytoplasm
A
internal living material of cells
5
Q
what are the small structure that make up the cytoplasm called andwhat are the 2 different kinds
A
- organelles
- membranous and nonmembranous
6
Q
expand on the 4 different structures found in the cytoplasm are
A
- threadlike structures are called cytoskeleten
- threadlike filaments are called microfilaments
- thicker filaments are called intermidiate filaments
- tiny hollow tubes are called microtubles
7
Q
what is the function of the cytoplasm
A
provide movement and support
8
Q
whar are ribosomes, what are they made of and what are some of them attached to
A
- tiny particles throughout the cell
- made of rna
- some are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (er)
9
Q
what are the 2 functions of ribosomes
A
- make enzymes
- make protein compounds
10
Q
what is the endoplasmic reticulum
A
system of membranes that form a network of connecting sacs/canals that wind back/forth through the cytoplasm
11
Q
what is the function of the rough er
A
receiving, folding and transporting newly made proteins
12
Q
what is the function of the smooth er
A
manufacturing nre membranes
13
Q
what does the golgi apparatus consist of
A
tiny flattened sacs stacked on one another near the nucleus
14
Q
what are the functions of the golgi apparatus
A
- chemically processing the molecules from the er by further folding, sorting and modifying proteins and combining eith other molecules to form proteins
15
Q
where is and isnt the mitochondria found
A
- found in all cells except red blood cells
16
Q
what are the 3 functions of the mitochondria
A
- power house of the cell
- breakdown products of glucose and other nutrients to release energy
- recharge atp molecules
17
Q
what do lysosomes look like
A
small bubbles/sacs
18
Q
what are the 3 functions of lysosomes
A
- digest large nutrient molecules
- digest microbes that invade the cell
- when cell suicide (apoptosis) does not occur as usual, the cell wil lcause overgrowth of tissue causing a tumor
19
Q
what does the centrosome contain and what is their function
A
- centrioles
- move chromosomes during cell division
20
Q
what is the function of the centrosome
A
its the orgainizing center that organizes/moves structures within the cells
21
Q
what are the 3 cell extensions
A
microvilli
cilia
flagella
22
Q
expand on microvilli
A
- small fingerlike projections of the cell membrane
- increase the surface area, so in turn the absorption abilities of the cell
23
Q
expand on cilia
A
- fine hairlike extensions on the exposed or free surface of cells
- allows cells to sense
24
Q
expand on flagella
A
- single projection extending from the cell surface
- acts as a propellar that pushes the cell forward
25
what is the nucleus and what does it do
- small sphere near the center of the cell
- contains the cells genetic info which controls every organelle in the cytoplasm
- controls cell reproduction
26
what is the nucleus surrounded by and what does it allow for
- nuclear envelope which has tiny opening called nuclear pores
- allows large molecules to move in and out of the nucleas
27
what does the nucleus enclose and what 2 things does that contain
- encloses the nucleoplasm
- contains the nucleolus and chromatin granules
28
what is the nucleous and what does it do
- dense region
- critical in protein formation because its where the cell makes the subunits that form ribosomes
29
what are chromatin granules and what happen to dna molecules during cell division
- made of proteins around which are segments of dna
- during cell division dna molecules become coiled and are called chromosomes
30
what is the difference between passive transport and active transport
- passive transport requires no energy to move substances from a high concentration to a low concentration
- active transport requires energy to move substances from a low concentration to a high concentration
31
what are the 4 kinds of passive transport
diffusion
osmosis
dialysis
filtration
32
expand on diffusion
- where substances scatter themselves throughout available space (equillibrium)
- high concentration to low
- the key to diffusion across a membrane is the presence of pores big enough for the particles to pass through
33
expand on osmosis
- passive movement of water molecules through water channels in a selectively permeable membrane
- results in dilution of a solution to a type of equillibrium called osmotic balance
- fluid pressure is called osmotic pressure
- high concentration to low
34
expand on dialysis
- solutes move across a seletively permeable membrane
- results in an uneven distribution of solutes
- high concentration to low
35
expand on filtration
- movement of water/solutes through a membrane as a result of a pushing force that is greater on one side
- force is called hydrostatic pressure
- high concentration to low
- responsible for moving water/solutes from the blood to the fluid spaces of tissues
36
what are the 3 types of active transport
ion pumps
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
37
expand on ion pumps
- movement of solute particles from an area of low concentration to high
38
expand on phagocytosis
engulfing and eating of a large particle
39
expand on pinocytosis
movement of fluid into a cell by trapping them in plasma membrane that pinches off inside the cell
40
expand on cystic fibrosis
- inherited condition that involves a varient of the gene that codes for chloride ion
- digestion is compromised by thick pancreatic secretion that plugs pancreas and digestive tract
41
expand on chlorea
- bacterial infection that causes cells lining the intestines to leak chloride ion
- causes diarrhea
42
expand on dna
- chromosomes are composed largely of DNA which contain the info needed to make proteins
- the genetic code in dna is called genes and it determines the structure/function of all cell
43
what smaller units is dna made of
nucleotides
44
what is contained in a nucleotide
- a base
- a sugar
- a phosphate
45
what bases always pair together and what is these pairings called
- adenine and thymine
- guanine and cytosine
- complementary base pairings
46
what is the function of rna
- directs the synthesis of a specific protein
- acts as functional molecules that affect some of the chemical processes in a cell
47
how many types of rna are there and what are their names
3
- mRNA (messenger rna)
- rRNA (ribosomal rna)
- tRNA (transfer rna)
48
what is the function of mRNA
serves as a working copy of one protein coding gene
49
what is the function of rRNA
component of the ribosome that attached to the mRNA and participates in translation
50
what is the function of tRNA
carries a specific amino acid to specific codon of mRNA at the ribosome during translation
51
how many types of protein synthesis are there and what are their names
2
transcription
translation
52
expand on transcription
- double stranded dna seperates and mRNA is formed
- the mRNA is said to have been transcribed from its dna mold
- the mRNA functions as a temporary working copy
- the mRNA transcripts pass from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to direct protein synthesis
53
expand on translation
- process of translating the genetic code in the mRNA transcript
- ribosomes move along the mRNA transcript and read the info encoded there to direct the choice/sequence of the appropriate chemical building blocks called amino acids
54
what is a codon
series of 3 nucleotide bases that act a code representing a specific amino acid
55
what are the 5 phases of a cells life cycle
interphase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
backwards it stands for TAMPI
56
what happens in interphase
- cell growth
- replication of choromosomes
- cell not actively dividing
- most of a cells life is spend in the phasse
57
what happens in prophase
- chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes
- chromatids become attached at the centromere
- spindle fibers appear
- nucleous.nuclear envelope disappear
58
what happens in metaphase
- spindle fibers attach to each chromatid
- chromosomes align across the center of the cell
59
what happens in anaphase
- centromeres break apart
- chromosomes move away from the center of the cell
- the cleavage furrow appears
60
what happens in telophase
- nuclear envelope/both nuclei appear
- cytoplasm/organelles divide equally
- process of cell division is completed
61
what is hypertrophy and what is it caused by
- increase in size of individual cells
- caused by strength training
62
what is atrophy and what is it caused by
- decrease in size of individual cells
- caused by disuse of limbs
63
what is hyperplasia and when does it happen
- increase in cell reproduction
- happens in skin tumors
64
what is anaplasia and when does it happen
- production of atypical cells
- happens in lung cancer
