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Anamtomy & Physiology > Unit 1 - Chapter 2 - Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Chapter 2 - Chemistry of Life Flashcards

1
Q

what is biochemistry

A

the study of the chemical aspects of life

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2
Q

what is matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

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3
Q

what are atoms

A

the smallest unit of matter

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4
Q

what do atoms form

A

atoms form molecules

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5
Q

what is at the core of each atom

A

positively charged protons and neutral neutrons

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6
Q

how do you know what the atomic number of an atom is

A

its the number of protons in the nucleus

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7
Q

how do you know what the atomic mass of an atom is

A

its the number of protons and neutrons combined

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8
Q

what surrounds the nucleus at a distance

A

negatively charged electrons

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9
Q

if a atom is neutal what does that mean

A

there is 1 electron for ever 1 proton

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10
Q

expand on orbitals

A
  • electrons move within them (in chaotic patterns)
  • each orbital can hold 2 electrons
  • orbitals are arranged in energy levels; furthest from the nucleus is highest in energy
  • energy level closest to the nucleus has 1 orbital so it can hold 2 electrons, the next level has up to 4 orbitals so it can hold 8 electrons
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11
Q

what are elements

A

pure substances composed of only 1 type of atom

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12
Q

what elements make up 99% of the human body….are there any others

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen
- another 5 make up the other 1%

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13
Q

why do atoms unite with each other

A

to form larger chemical units called molecules

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14
Q

what are compounds

A

substances whose molecules have more then 1 element in them

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15
Q

what is a chemical formula

A
  • used to describe which atoms are present in a compound
  • contains symbols that represent each element in the molecule
  • the number of atoms of each element in the molecule is expressed as a subscript
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16
Q

why do atoms bond with each other

A

to make atoms more stable

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17
Q

what makes an atom stable

A

when it’s outer energy shell has the max number of electrons it can hold

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18
Q

how can an atom come to have an outer full shell if it doesn’t naturally have 1

A

another atom can share/donate electrons

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19
Q

what is an ionic bond

A
  • forms between an atom that has only 1/2 electrons in the outermost level and an atom that only needs 1/2 electrons to fill it’s outer level (so one atom donates to the other)
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20
Q

what does dissociate mean

A

when compounds dissolve easily

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21
Q

what are electrolytes

A

compounds that form ions when dissolved in water

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22
Q

what functions do ions have

A

muscle contraction, never signaling and vital functioning

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23
Q

what are covalent bonds

A
  • when atoms share electrons
  • bonds do not break easily (don’t break at all in water)
  • the 4 elements that make up the body always almost form covalent bonds
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24
Q

expand on hydrogen bonds

A
  • a weak attraction that holds your bodys substances together (strong when they come togehter)
  • slight electrical charges develop in regions of a molecule when hydrogen atoms cant equally share their electrons in a covalent bond
  • oppositely charged molecules electrically attract each other
  • do not form new bonds, but rather help large molecules keep their shape
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25
Q

what are organic compounds

A

composed of molecules that contain cabron carbon covalent bonds or carbon hydrogen covalent bonds or both kinds

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26
Q

what are inorganic compounds

A
  • dont have the above listed bonds
  • smaller and less complex then organic compounds
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27
Q

expand on water

A
  • inorganic compound
  • essential to live
  • helps hold tissues together
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28
Q

expand on solutions

A
  • water is the solvent in which most other compounds or solutes are dissolved
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29
Q

whats an aqueous solution

A
  • when water is the solvent for a mixture
  • salt and other molecules form the internal sea of the body
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30
Q

what are chemical reactions

A
  • interactions among molecules in which atoms regroup into new combinations
31
Q

what is dehydration synthesis

A
  • common type of chemical reaction
  • reactants combine only after the hydrogen and oxygen atoms are removed (h2o)
  • a reaction in which water is lost from the reactants
32
Q

what is hydrolysis

A
  • the reverse of dehydration synthesis
  • when water disrupts the bonds in large molecules
33
Q

what is the medium in which all organic compounds are formed and broken down

A

water

34
Q

what do chemical reactions always require and expand on that

A
  • energy transfers
  • some is stored as potential energy in the chemical bonds
  • can later be released when the chemical bonds in the molecule are broken apart
35
Q

expand on acids

A
  • in pure water H+ and OH- are equal
  • when an acid such as hydrochloric acid HCL dissociates into H+ and CL- it shifts in favor of excess H+ ions and the carbon dioxide forms into carbonic acid when it dissolves in water
  • some of the CO3 then dissociates to form H+ and HCO3- ions producing excess H+ ions in the blood, meaning there is high CO2 levels in the blood making it acidic
36
Q

expand on basic/alkaline compounds

A
  • they shift the balance in the opposite direction of acids
  • since acids produce an excess of H+ ions and bases produce an excess of OH- ions and OH- can bing to H+ and form H20, bases actually lower the H+ concentration of a solution
37
Q

expand on pH

A
  • its a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is
  • measures H+ concentration
  • higher pH value is a low H+ concentration (a base)
  • low pH value is a high H+ concentration (a acid)
38
Q

expand on strong acids

A
  • completely or almost dissociate to form H+ ions
  • low pH values (far below 7)
39
Q

expand on weak acids

A
  • dissociate very little
  • produce few excess H+ ions
  • pH just below 7
40
Q

expand on strong bases

A
  • produce a very low H+ concentration
  • high pH value (far above 7)
41
Q

expand on weak bases

A
  • produce a H+ concentration just below water
  • pH value just a bit higher than 7
42
Q

what happens when a strong acid and base mic

A
  • excess H+ and OH- combine to form water
  • this neutralizes each other
  • the remaining ions form salt
43
Q

what does acidosis mean

A

low blood pH

44
Q

what does alkalosis mean

A

high blood ph

45
Q

how does the body remove excess h+ ions

A

through urine

46
Q

how does the body remove excess co- ions

A

through the respiratory system

47
Q

expand on buffers when it comes to ph

A
  • they are chemicals that help maintain ph
    -they have a chemical system that neutralizes acids/bases as they are added to a solution
48
Q

how does organic chemistry compair to inorganic chemistry

A

its much more complex

49
Q

how many types of carbohydrates are there and what are their names

A

3
- monosaccharide
- disaccharide
- polysaccharide

50
Q

expand on monosaccharides and provide examples

A
  • composed of a single monosaccharide unit
  • used as a source of energy and to build other carbohydrates
  • glucose, fructose
51
Q

expand on disaccharide and provide an example

A
  • composed of 2 monosaccharide units
  • used as cellular fuel
  • sucrose
52
Q

expand on polysaccharide and provide examples

A
  • composed of many monosaccharide units
  • used to store monosaccharides
  • glycogen, starch
53
Q

whats the difference between saturated fat and unsaturated fat and give examples

A

saturated fat is solid at room temp and is found in butter and lard

unstaurated fat is always liquid and is in found in oils like olive oil

54
Q

how many types of lipids/fats are there and what are there names

A

3
- triglyceride
- phospholid
- steroid

55
Q

expand on triglyceride

A
  • composed od 1 glyceral heas and 3 fatty acid tails
  • stores energy and provides protective padding
56
Q

expand on phospholid

A
  • composed on 1 glycerol head and 2 fatty acid tails
  • forms cell membranes
57
Q

expand on steroids

A
  • composed of 4 carbon rinfs at core
  • a category of hormones
  • stabilizes cell membrance
  • cholesterol is used as a starting point in hormone production
58
Q

expand on proteins

A
  • composed of basic units calls amino acids which contain nitrogen
  • many amino acids get linked togethers in a process called peptidde bonds
  • proteins have a unique folded shape
59
Q

expand on structural proteins (fibers)

A
  • made of amino acids
  • form structures of the body
  • contain collagen and keratin
60
Q

whats the difference between collagen and keratin

A
  • collagen holds tissues together
  • keratin gives tissues the ability to stretch/forms fibers in the outer layer of skin
61
Q

expand on functional proteins (ezymes,hormones)

A
  • made of amino acids
  • facilitate chemical reactions
  • carry signals
  • regulate functions
62
Q

expand on enzymes

A
  • they are chemical catalysts
  • enzyme action is called the lock and key model
  • change shape to ensure a better fit when it encouters substrates
63
Q

what is a chemical catalyst

A

something that helps a chemical reaction occue, but aren’t reactants/products themselves

64
Q

what are lipoproteins

A

liquid protein combos

65
Q

expand on nucleic acids

A

they are building blocks that form nucleotides

66
Q

what does a nucleotide consist of

A
  • sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
  • phosphate unit
  • nitrogen base
67
Q

what are the possible nitrogen bases in a nucleotide

A

adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine

68
Q

what does rna use as a nitrogen base instead in a nucleotide instead of thymine

A

uracil

69
Q

expand on how nucleotides are arranged

A
  • in a double stranded helix
    -sequence along it is called a source code or reference code
70
Q

expand on messenger rna (mRNA)

A

its molecules form a temp working copy of a protein of dna code called a gene

71
Q

expand on dna

A
  • composes on nucleotides containing deoxyribose
  • contains genetic info for making proteins
72
Q

expand on rna

A
  • composed of nucleotides containing ribose
  • serves as a copy of the protein of the genetic code during protein synthesis
73
Q

expand on atp (adenosine triphosphate)

A
  • composed of modified nucleotides
  • transfers energy from nutrient moleciles to power work in the cell
  • has a base, sugar and 3 phosphates
  • these extra phosphates are later broken off to form adp

Anamtomy & Physiology (11 decks)

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