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Biology > Unit 2 AOS 2 test > Flashcards

Unit 2 AOS 2 test Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

the production of offspring from a single parent organism

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2
Q

characteristics of asexual reproduction

A
  • offspring are genetically identical to the parent organism
  • efficient way to reproduce
  • disadvantage in a changing environment due to lack of genetic variation
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3
Q

Fission

A
  • type of asexual reproduction
  • DNA replicates then cytoplasm separates
  • single parent cell divides into two approximately equal daughter cells
  • unicellular eukaryotes (protists) reproduce using fission (accept yeast)
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4
Q

Fragmentation

A
  • type of asexual reproduction
  • regeneration of a new organism from a part of another
  • flatworms
  • marine worms
  • starfish and sponges
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5
Q

Regeneration

A
  • growing back a lost body part
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6
Q

Budding

A
  • type of asexual reproduction
  • an outgrowth from the parent body pinches off to produce a small individual
  • daughter organisms are identical accept for the unequal division of cytoplasm
  • occurs in hydra, sponges, yeast cells and cacti
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7
Q

Spore formation

A
  • type of asexual reproduction
  • spores are single celled haploid reproductive units
  • do not need to fuse with another cell to divide into a new organism
  • produced by meiosis
  • have a tough outer shell
  • released from the parent organism and develop into a new organism in favourable conditions
  • occurs in moulds, mosses and ferns
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8
Q

Vegetative reproduction

A
  • occurs in plants
  • does not involve seeds or spores
  • new plants develop form the roots, leaves or stems of the parent plant
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9
Q

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)

A
  • type of cloning
    1. the diploid nucleus of a mammary gland cell is removed
    2. the nucleus of an ovum form another organism is discarded and replaced with the diploid nucleus from the mammary cell
    3. a cell with 46 chromosomes is made and acts as a fertilised cell
  • the resulting organism is genetically identical to the mammary gland organism
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10
Q

Cuttings

A
  • type of cloning
  • a new plant grows from the roots, stems or leaves of another
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11
Q

Grafts

A
  • type of cloning
  • the leaf system of one plant is attached into the root system of another plant
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12
Q

Tissue culture

A
  • fragments or cells from a parent organism are selected to grow into clones
  • produces large numbers very quickly
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13
Q

Embryo splitting

A
  • type of cloning
  • can occur naturally
    embryo splits and grows into two identical organisms
  • embryo can be split and then planted into surrogate mothers
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14
Q

Natural selection

A
  • where mutation and selection pressures drive the evolution of species such that only the organisms that are able to adapt survive
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15
Q

Genetic drift

A
  • random change in the frequency of alleles from generation to generation due to chance alone
  • effects are most pronounced in small populations
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16
Q

bottle neck effect

A
  • type of genetic drift
  • a catastrophic event wipes out particular alleles
  • the gene pool is no longer representative of the parent genepool
  • usually effects small populations the most
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17
Q

Founder effect

A
  • type of genetic drift
  • a small number of individuals migrate or become separated from the original population
  • different alleles and environments create potential for different evolutionary patterns
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18
Q

downfalls of low genetic diversity

A
  • increased risk of extinction and lack of evolutionary potential
  • susceptible to disease
  • inbreeding depression and increased homozygosity (especially of recessive alleles)
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19
Q

abiotic factors

A

the non-living factors that impact on the survival of an organism in its environment

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20
Q

biotic factors

A

the living factors that impact on the survival of an organism in its environment

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21
Q

structural (morphological or anatomical) adaptations

A

evolved modification of an organism’s physical anatomy

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22
Q

physiological (functional) adaptations

A

evolved modifications of an organism’s internal function or metabolic process

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23
Q

adaptation

A

a heritable characteristic of an organism that enables it to survive and to reproduce in its habitat

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24
Q

behavioural adaptations

A

evolved modifications to an organism’s actions

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25
Q

biosphere

A

the region of the earth that all living things are found in

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26
Q

biomes

A

largest geographically based biotic communities, can be aquatic or terrestrial

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27
Q

ecosystem

A
  • self sustaining unit
    comprised of
  • all populations of organisms
  • physical surroundings
  • biotic and abiotic factors
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28
Q

community

A

several interacting populations of different species that live together in a particular place at a particular time

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29
Q

population

A

a group of organisms of the same species living in a defined area
can interbreed and compete for resources

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30
Q

organism

A

the lowest level of organisation
any unicellular or multicellular form exhibiting all of the characteristics of life

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31
Q

habitat

A

the physical place that an organism lives in

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32
Q

microhabitat

A

the precise location within a habitat where a species is normally found

33
Q

ecological niche

A

the way in which a species interacts with its environment and alters the conditions of the environment

34
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time

35
Q

intraspecific interactions

A

relationships between members of the same species

36
Q

interspecific interactions

A

relationships between members of different species

37
Q

symbiosis

A

a time of close, long term interaction between individuals of two or more different species where at least one species benefits

38
Q

types of symbiosis

A

mutualism
commensalism
parasitism
organisms in these relationships are referred to as symbionts

39
Q

mutualism

A

where both species benefit

40
Q

obligate mutualism

A

each species is completely dependant on the other and cannot live without the other
EG ruminants and gut bacteria

41
Q

facultative mutualism

A

each species benefits from the other but can survive without the other
EG gazelle and oxpecker

42
Q

commensalism

A

the commensal benefits while the host is unaffected
EG epiphytes and trees

43
Q

parasitism

A

non-mutual symbiotic relationship where the parasite benefits at the expense of the host

44
Q

ectoparasites

A

live externally on the host
EG tick

45
Q

endoparasite

A

live within the host body
EG tapeworm

46
Q

amensalism

A

not symbiotic
when one species is harmed but to no benefit to the other
EG elephants and ants

47
Q

Predation

A

not symbiotic
when a predator hunts and kills prey for food
EG lions hunting zebra

48
Q

food chain

A

a series of organisms each dependant on the next as a source of food

49
Q

food web

A

a combination of food chains in an ecosystem that shows feeding interactions between food chains

50
Q

trophic levels

A

producers
primary consumers (herbivores)
secondary consumers
tertiary consumers
top order consumers (apex predators)

51
Q

keystone species

A

organisms that play a unique and crucial role in maintaining the structure of an ecological community

52
Q

population density

A

the result of processes that add and remove individuals form a population

53
Q

population size is affected by

A
  1. natality
  2. mortality
  3. immigration
  4. emegration
54
Q

growth factors (biotic potential)

A

things that help a population grow
biotic
- generalized niche
abiotic
- favourable light

55
Q

decrease factors (environmental resistance)

A

things that decrease the population size
biotic
- specialized niche
abiotic
- too much or too little light

56
Q

carrying capacity (of a species)

A

the maximum population of the species that the environment can sustain indefinitely

57
Q

trophic cascade

A

the ecological phenomenon that describes the direct and indirect effects of removing an apex or top order predator down through the trophic levels and food chain

58
Q

tropism

A
  • physiological adaptations
  • a physiological directional growth response to an environmental stimulus due to the action of hormones
59
Q

positive tropism

A

growth towards a stimulus

60
Q

negative tropism

A

growth away from a stimulus

61
Q

light stimulus tropism

A

phototropism

62
Q

gravity stimulus tropism

A

geotropism

63
Q

water stimulus tropism

A

hydrotropism

64
Q

touch stimulus tropism

A

thigmotropism

65
Q

chemical stimulus tropism

A

chemotropism

66
Q

nastic movement

A
  • a type of physiological adaptation
  • a movement in response to an environmental stimulus but is independent of the direction of the stimulus
67
Q

photonasty

A

movement in response to change in light intensity
eg opening and closing of flowers

68
Q

thigmonasty

A

movement in response to touch
eg venus fly trap

69
Q

thermonasty

A

movement in response to changes in temperature

70
Q

torpor

A
  • a physiological sate where metabolic activity is lowered to save energy and survive difficult conditions
71
Q

hibernation

A

a long period of torpor in winter where body temperature drops dramatically

72
Q

aestivation

A

is a long period of torpor in summer, enabling high temperatures and water scarcity to be tolerated

73
Q

parthenogenesis

A

when a female organism produces gametes that develop directly into offspring without fertilisation
eg Lizards

74
Q

rhizomes

A

underground stems that grow form nodes and grow into new plants
form of vegetative reproduction

75
Q

niche partitioning

A

when a species changes niches

76
Q

stolon

A

above ground stems that grow into a new plant
form of vegetative reproduction

77
Q

tuber

A

stems that rise from the plant underground and shoot into a new plant
vegetative reproduction

78
Q

bulbs and corms

A

bodies that grow on parent organisms that split off to form new plants
vegetative reproduction

Biology (12 decks)

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