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Unit 2 AOS 2 test Flashcards

1
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

the production of offspring from a single parent organism

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2
Q

characteristics of asexual reproduction

A
  • offspring are genetically identical to the parent organism
  • efficient way to reproduce
  • disadvantage in a changing environment due to lack of genetic variation
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3
Q

Fission

A
  • type of asexual reproduction
  • DNA replicates then cytoplasm separates
  • single parent cell divides into two approximately equal daughter cells
  • unicellular eukaryotes (protists) reproduce using fission (accept yeast)
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4
Q

Fragmentation

A
  • type of asexual reproduction
  • regeneration of a new organism from a part of another
  • flatworms
  • marine worms
  • starfish and sponges
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5
Q

Regeneration

A
  • growing back a lost body part
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6
Q

Budding

A
  • type of asexual reproduction
  • an outgrowth from the parent body pinches off to produce a small individual
  • daughter organisms are identical accept for the unequal division of cytoplasm
  • occurs in hydra, sponges, yeast cells and cacti
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7
Q

Spore formation

A
  • type of asexual reproduction
  • spores are single celled haploid reproductive units
  • do not need to fuse with another cell to divide into a new organism
  • produced by meiosis
  • have a tough outer shell
  • released from the parent organism and develop into a new organism in favourable conditions
  • occurs in moulds, mosses and ferns
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8
Q

Vegetative reproduction

A
  • occurs in plants
  • does not involve seeds or spores
  • new plants develop form the roots, leaves or stems of the parent plant
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9
Q

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)

A
  • type of cloning
    1. the diploid nucleus of a mammary gland cell is removed
    2. the nucleus of an ovum form another organism is discarded and replaced with the diploid nucleus from the mammary cell
    3. a cell with 46 chromosomes is made and acts as a fertilised cell
  • the resulting organism is genetically identical to the mammary gland organism
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10
Q

Cuttings

A
  • type of cloning
  • a new plant grows from the roots, stems or leaves of another
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11
Q

Grafts

A
  • type of cloning
  • the leaf system of one plant is attached into the root system of another plant
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12
Q

Tissue culture

A
  • fragments or cells from a parent organism are selected to grow into clones
  • produces large numbers very quickly
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13
Q

Embryo splitting

A
  • type of cloning
  • can occur naturally
    embryo splits and grows into two identical organisms
  • embryo can be split and then planted into surrogate mothers
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14
Q

Natural selection

A
  • where mutation and selection pressures drive the evolution of species such that only the organisms that are able to adapt survive
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15
Q

Genetic drift

A
  • random change in the frequency of alleles from generation to generation due to chance alone
  • effects are most pronounced in small populations
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16
Q

bottle neck effect

A
  • type of genetic drift
  • a catastrophic event wipes out particular alleles
  • the gene pool is no longer representative of the parent genepool
  • usually effects small populations the most
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17
Q

Founder effect

A
  • type of genetic drift
  • a small number of individuals migrate or become separated from the original population
  • different alleles and environments create potential for different evolutionary patterns
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18
Q

downfalls of low genetic diversity

A
  • increased risk of extinction and lack of evolutionary potential
  • susceptible to disease
  • inbreeding depression and increased homozygosity (especially of recessive alleles)
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19
Q

abiotic factors

A

the non-living factors that impact on the survival of an organism in its environment

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20
Q

biotic factors

A

the living factors that impact on the survival of an organism in its environment

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21
Q

structural (morphological or anatomical) adaptations

A

evolved modification of an organism’s physical anatomy

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22
Q

physiological (functional) adaptations

A

evolved modifications of an organism’s internal function or metabolic process

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23
Q

adaptation

A

a heritable characteristic of an organism that enables it to survive and to reproduce in its habitat

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24
Q

behavioural adaptations

A

evolved modifications to an organism’s actions

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25
biosphere
the region of the earth that all living things are found in
26
biomes
largest geographically based biotic communities, can be aquatic or terrestrial
27
ecosystem
- self sustaining unit comprised of - all populations of organisms - physical surroundings - biotic and abiotic factors
28
community
several interacting populations of different species that live together in a particular place at a particular time
29
population
a group of organisms of the same species living in a defined area can interbreed and compete for resources
30
organism
the lowest level of organisation any unicellular or multicellular form exhibiting all of the characteristics of life
31
habitat
the physical place that an organism lives in
32
microhabitat
the precise location within a habitat where a species is normally found
33
ecological niche
the way in which a species interacts with its environment and alters the conditions of the environment
34
competitive exclusion principle
no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time
35
intraspecific interactions
relationships between members of the same species
36
interspecific interactions
relationships between members of different species
37
symbiosis
a time of close, long term interaction between individuals of two or more different species where at least one species benefits
38
types of symbiosis
mutualism commensalism parasitism organisms in these relationships are referred to as symbionts
39
mutualism
where both species benefit
40
obligate mutualism
each species is completely dependant on the other and cannot live without the other EG ruminants and gut bacteria
41
facultative mutualism
each species benefits from the other but can survive without the other EG gazelle and oxpecker
42
commensalism
the commensal benefits while the host is unaffected EG epiphytes and trees
43
parasitism
non-mutual symbiotic relationship where the parasite benefits at the expense of the host
44
ectoparasites
live externally on the host EG tick
45
endoparasite
live within the host body EG tapeworm
46
amensalism
not symbiotic when one species is harmed but to no benefit to the other EG elephants and ants
47
Predation
not symbiotic when a predator hunts and kills prey for food EG lions hunting zebra
48
food chain
a series of organisms each dependant on the next as a source of food
49
food web
a combination of food chains in an ecosystem that shows feeding interactions between food chains
50
trophic levels
producers primary consumers (herbivores) secondary consumers tertiary consumers top order consumers (apex predators)
51
keystone species
organisms that play a unique and crucial role in maintaining the structure of an ecological community
52
population density
the result of processes that add and remove individuals form a population
53
population size is affected by
1. natality 2. mortality 3. immigration 3. emegration
54
growth factors (biotic potential)
things that help a population grow biotic - generalized niche abiotic - favourable light
55
decrease factors (environmental resistance)
things that decrease the population size biotic - specialized niche abiotic - too much or too little light
56
carrying capacity (of a species)
the maximum population of the species that the environment can sustain indefinitely
57
trophic cascade
the ecological phenomenon that describes the direct and indirect effects of removing an apex or top order predator down through the trophic levels and food chain
58
tropism
- physiological adaptations - a physiological directional growth response to an environmental stimulus due to the action of hormones
59
positive tropism
growth towards a stimulus
60
negative tropism
growth away from a stimulus
61
light stimulus tropism
phototropism
62
gravity stimulus tropism
geotropism
63
water stimulus tropism
hydrotropism
64
touch stimulus tropism
thigmotropism
65
chemical stimulus tropism
chemotropism
66
nastic movement
- a type of physiological adaptation - a movement in response to an environmental stimulus but is independent of the direction of the stimulus
67
photonasty
movement in response to change in light intensity eg opening and closing of flowers
68
thigmonasty
movement in response to touch eg venus fly trap
69
thermonasty
movement in response to changes in temperature
70
torpor
- a physiological sate where metabolic activity is lowered to save energy and survive difficult conditions
71
hibernation
a long period of torpor in winter where body temperature drops dramatically
72
aestivation
is a long period of torpor in summer, enabling high temperatures and water scarcity to be tolerated
73
parthenogenesis
when a female organism produces gametes that develop directly into offspring without fertilisation eg Lizards
74
rhizomes
underground stems that grow form nodes and grow into new plants form of vegetative reproduction
75
niche partitioning
when a species changes niches
76
stolon
above ground stems that grow into a new plant form of vegetative reproduction
77
tuber
stems that rise from the plant underground and shoot into a new plant vegetative reproduction
78
bulbs and corms
bodies that grow on parent organisms that split off to form new plants vegetative reproduction

Biology (13 decks)

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