A1 Unity and Diversity of Molecules

Question 1

Solvent

definition

Answer 1

the larger volumed substance that is chemically able to dissolve other substances to create a solution

Question 2

polarity

definition

Answer 2

a molecule with two opositely charged poles due to electrons not being distributed equally in the molecule

Question 3

cohesion

definition

Answer 3

when two polar molecules form weak bonds between them

Question 4

adhesion

definition

Answer 4

when a polar molecule is attracted to other polar molecules or surfaces of a different substance

Question 5

capillary action

Answer 5

the ability of fluid to move up against gravity without any force in a small tube as a result of cohesian and adhesion forces

Question 6

ways water is important to life

Answer 6

1. living organisms didn’t evolve until it exysted
2. allows many bodily functions like cell cytoplasm and blood

Question 7

aqueous solution

definition

Answer 7

a solution that has water as its solvent e.g. cell cytoplasm, intercellular fluids and blood

Question 8

hydrophilic

definition

Answer 8

a substance that readily disolves in or is attracted to water due to its polarity

Question 9

hydrophobic

definition

Answer 9

substances that aren’t attracted to/don’t disolve in water, rather they are attracted to other non-polar substances

Question 10

buoyancy

definition

Answer 10

the upwards force exterted on an object when placed in a medium

Question 11

viscocity

definition

Answer 11

the stickiness of a fluid that determines how easily it flows

Question 12

thermal conductivity

definition

Answer 12

the rate at which heat passes through or is passed to a material

Question 13

specific heat capacity

definition

Answer 13

how much heat needs to be absorbed by a substance to raise its temperature by 1 degree

Question 14

important hydrophilic molecules in living organsims

Answer 14

• salt
• glucose
• cellulose

Question 15

important hydrophobic molecules in living organsims

Answer 15

• fats
• phospolipids
• some hormones

Question 16

extraplanetary

definition

Answer 16

explanations that are factors outside of earth, its orbit or just in outerspace outside a planet

Question 17

asteroid

definition

Answer 17

small rocky objects, much smaller than planets, that orbit the sun

Question 18

extraterestrial life

definition

Answer 18

living organisms outside of earth that could include other planets, generally with favourable abiotic factors

Question 19

factors that facilitate water retention on earth

Answer 19

1. earth is far enough from the sun that it never gets boiled
2. large size and strong graviatational pull stops the ocean and water vapour from escaping into space

Question 20

nucleotide

definition

Answer 20

the repeated units that form nucleic acids made up of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen base

Question 21

polymer

definition

Answer 21

larger molecules (like DNA) that are made up of chemically joined monomers (like nucleotides)

Question 22

hydroxyl group

definition

Answer 22

a common echemical group that is hte oxygen and one hydrogen connected to a larger molecule

Question 23

condensation reaction

definition

Answer 23

a chemical reaction that joins two monomers together

Question 24

nitrogenous bases of DNA

Answer 24

1. adenine
2. thymine
3. cytosine and guanine

Question 25

nitrogenous bases of RNA

Answer 25

1. adenine 2. thymine 3. guanine 4. uracil

Question 26

messenger RNA (mRNA) ## Footnote function

Answer 26

a single stranded copy of a single gene used for protein synthesis in ribosomes

Question 27

transfer RNA ## Footnote function

Answer 27

small loop of RNA that delivers amino acids to build proteins based on mRNA instructions

Question 28

ribosomal RNA ## Footnote function

Answer 28

the RNA that makes up ribosomes

Question 29

adenosine triposphate (ATP)

Answer 29

a single nucleotide nucleic acid with three phosphate groups connected by high energy bonds

Question 30

DNA as the universal genetic code

Answer 30

1. in all living organisms 2. all living organisms have the same 4 base pairs 3. codons code for the same protein in all living organisms

Question 31

directionality ## Footnote definition

Answer 31

the specific alignment of nucleotides in particular whether the phosphate is facing up or down

Question 32

histones ## Footnote definition

Answer 32

proteins that DNA wraps aroud

Question 33

nucleosome ## Footnote definition

Answer 33

a cluster of 8 histones with DNA wrapped twice around them, and a H1 histone holding it all in place

Question 34

replication ## Footnote explain

Answer 34

the process whereby one double stranded DNA molecule is split into two and each side copies to create 2 double helices

Question 35

transcription ## Footnote explain

Answer 35

the process whereby DNA is copied in the nucleous to make mRNA for protein synthesis

Question 36

translation ## Footnote explain

Answer 36

the process of reading mRNA code to add the correct amino acide and build a protein in the ribosome

Question 37

purine base ## Footnote define

Answer 37

larger a double ringed nitrogenous base that makes adenine and guanine

Question 38

pyrimidine ## Footnote definition

Answer 38

a smaller nitrogenous base that makes up cutosine, thymine and uracil