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Biology > A1 Unity and Diversity of Molecules > Flashcards

A1 Unity and Diversity of Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Solvent

definition

A

the larger volumed substance that is chemically able to dissolve other substances to create a solution

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2
Q

polarity

definition

A

a molecule with two opositely charged poles due to electrons not being distributed equally in the molecule

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3
Q

cohesion

definition

A

when two polar molecules form weak bonds between them

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4
Q

adhesion

definition

A

when a polar molecule is attracted to other polar molecules or surfaces of a different substance

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5
Q

capillary action

A

the ability of fluid to move up against gravity without any force in a small tube as a result of cohesian and adhesion forces

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6
Q

ways water is important to life

A
  1. living organisms didn’t evolve until it exysted
  2. allows many bodily functions like cell cytoplasm and blood
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7
Q

aqueous solution

definition

A

a solution that has water as its solvent e.g. cell cytoplasm, intercellular fluids and blood

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8
Q

hydrophilic

definition

A

a substance that readily disolves in or is attracted to water due to its polarity

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9
Q

hydrophobic

definition

A

substances that aren’t attracted to/don’t disolve in water, rather they are attracted to other non-polar substances

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10
Q

buoyancy

definition

A

the upwards force exterted on an object when placed in a medium

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11
Q

viscocity

definition

A

the stickiness of a fluid that determines how easily it flows

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12
Q

thermal conductivity

definition

A

the rate at which heat passes through or is passed to a material

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13
Q

specific heat capacity

definition

A

how much heat needs to be absorbed by a substance to raise its temperature by 1 degree

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14
Q

important hydrophilic molecules in living organsims

A
  • salt
  • glucose
  • cellulose
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15
Q

important hydrophobic molecules in living organsims

A
  • fats
  • phospolipids
  • some hormones
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16
Q

extraplanetary

definition

A

explanations that are factors outside of earth, its orbit or just in outerspace outside a planet

17
Q

asteroid

definition

A

small rocky objects, much smaller than planets, that orbit the sun

18
Q

extraterestrial life

definition

A

living organisms outside of earth that could include other planets, generally with favourable abiotic factors

19
Q

factors that facilitate water retention on earth

A
  1. earth is far enough from the sun that it never gets boiled
  2. large size and strong graviatational pull stops the ocean and water vapour from escaping into space
20
Q

nucleotide

definition

A

the repeated units that form nucleic acids made up of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen base

21
Q

polymer

definition

A

larger molecules (like DNA) that are made up of chemically joined monomers (like nucleotides)

22
Q

hydroxyl group

definition

A

a common echemical group that is hte oxygen and one hydrogen connected to a larger molecule

23
Q

condensation reaction

definition

A

a chemical reaction that joins two monomers together

24
Q

nitrogenous bases of DNA

A
  1. adenine
  2. thymine
  3. cytosine and guanine
25
Q

nitrogenous bases of RNA

A
  1. adenine
  2. thymine
  3. guanine
  4. uracil
26
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

function

A

a single stranded copy of a single gene used for protein synthesis in ribosomes

27
Q

transfer RNA

function

A

small loop of RNA that delivers amino acids to build proteins based on mRNA instructions

28
Q

ribosomal RNA

function

A

the RNA that makes up ribosomes

29
Q

adenosine triposphate (ATP)

A

a single nucleotide nucleic acid with three phosphate groups connected by high energy bonds

30
Q

DNA as the universal genetic code

A
  1. in all living organisms
  2. all living organisms have the same 4 base pairs
  3. codons code for the same protein in all living organisms
31
Q

directionality

definition

A

the specific alignment of nucleotides in particular whether the phosphate is facing up or down

32
Q

histones

definition

A

proteins that DNA wraps aroud

33
Q

nucleosome

definition

A

a cluster of 8 histones with DNA wrapped twice around them, and a H1 histone holding it all in place

34
Q

replication

explain

A

the process whereby one double stranded DNA molecule is split into two and each side copies to create 2 double helices

35
Q

transcription

explain

A

the process whereby DNA is copied in the nucleous to make mRNA for protein synthesis

36
Q

translation

explain

A

the process of reading mRNA code to add the correct amino acide and build a protein in the ribosome

37
Q

purine base

define

A

larger a double ringed nitrogenous base that makes adenine and guanine

38
Q

pyrimidine

definition

A

a smaller nitrogenous base that makes up cutosine, thymine and uracil

Biology (12 decks)

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