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Biology > B2 form and function of cells > Flashcards

B2 form and function of cells Flashcards

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1
Q

integral protein

definition

A

protein embedded through the whole plasma membrane due to their amphipathic nature

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2
Q

peripheral protein

definition

A

proteins bound to the inner or outer surface of the membreane or integral protein

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3
Q

cholesterol

definition

A

a chain of steroid lipids that sit in the hydrophobic regions of animal cell membranes

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4
Q

glycoprotein

definition

A

carbohydrate attached to a protein

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5
Q

glycolipid

definition

A

carbohydrate attached to a lipid

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6
Q

junction membrane protein

definition/function

A

joins two cells together

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7
Q

enzyme membrane protein

definition/function

A

catalyse metabolic reactions

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8
Q

transport membrane protein

definition/function

A

faccilitated diffusion, osmosis and active transport

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9
Q

recignition membrane protein

definition/function

A

glycoproteins, markers for cell identification

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10
Q

anchoring membrane proteins

definition/function

A

attachment site for cytoskeleton

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11
Q

transduction membrane protein

definition/function

A

receptors for hormones and other signalling molecules

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12
Q

what happens to plasma membranes in cold environments

A

condensing of phospholipids reduces membrane fluidity

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13
Q

solution to cold environments for plant plasma membranes

A

unsaturated fats to preserve distance

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14
Q

solutions to cold environments for animal plasma membranes

A

unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol preserve distance

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15
Q

what happens to a plasma mambrane under hot conditions

A

expands and can lyse/burts

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16
Q

solutions for plant plasma membranes in hot environments

A

more saturated fats for denser phospholipids and higher melting points

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17
Q

solutions for animal plasma membranes in hot environments

A

cholesterol to connect and reduce space between phospholipids

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18
Q

simple diffusion

definition

A

particles move through the phospholipid bilayer from high concentration to low concentration

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19
Q

simple diffusion moves what molecules

A

fast: small, non-polar
slowly: small and polar

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20
Q

facilitated diffusion

definition

A

particles move from high concentration to low concentration through a protein channel or carrier protein

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21
Q

protein channel moves what particles

A

small charged/polar things

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22
Q

carrier protein moves what molecules

A

larger polar/non-polar things

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23
Q

osmosis

definition

A

movement of water form a high concentration of water to a low concentration of water through the plasma membrane or aquaporins

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24
Q

protein pump is used for

A

moving any particle from alow concentration to a high concentration

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25
Q

properties of passive transport

A
  • movement from high concentration to low concentration
  • down or with the concentration gradient
  • NO energy required
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26
Q

types of passive transport

A
  1. simple diffusion
  2. facilitated diffusion
  3. osmosis
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27
Q

properties of active transport

A
  • from a low concentration to high concentration
  • up or against the concentration gradient
  • requires energy (ATP)
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28
Q

types of active transport

A
  1. protein pumps
  2. endo/exocytosis
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29
Q

hypertonic environment

definition

A

an aqueous solution with a higher solute concentration than other (the cell cytoplasm)

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30
Q

hypotonic envirionment

definition

A

an aqeous solution with a lower solute concentration compared to another (the cell cytoplasm)

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31
Q

isotonic environment

definition

A

when two solutions have the same solute concentration (intra and extracellular environment)

32
Q

endocytosis

definition

A

materials enter the cell by pushing through the plasma membrane, creating a vessicle

type of active transport

33
Q

exocytosis

definition

A

meterials exit the cell by a vessicle during with the membrane expelling them

type of active transport

34
Q

gated ion channel

definition

A

protein channels specifically for ions that do not remain open naturally

35
Q

indirect active transport

definition

A

when ATP is used to move a substance but a second substance can move as a result of this

36
Q

Cell-Adhesion molecules (CAM)

definition

A

proteins embedded into the cell membrane that protrude out and join to create cell junctions

37
Q

voltage gated ion channel

definition

A

an ion channel whose activity relies on the chanrge difference between the inside and outside of a cell

38
Q

example of a voltage gated ion channel

A

potassium channel

39
Q

neurotransmitter gated ion channel

definition

A

an ion channel whose activity is determined by receptors on the protein channel that only open when a specific neurotransmitter binds to it

40
Q

example of a neurotransmitter gated ion channel

A

nicotonic acetylcholine receptor

41
Q

example of indirect active transport

explain

A

sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters

42
Q

matrix

definition

A

the fluid area of enzymes inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria

site of the Kreb’s cycle

43
Q

cristae

definition

A

tubular regions created by deep folds in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

44
Q

thylakoid

definition

A

disks of membrane that stack to form granum and are often connected by lamella in chloroplasts

45
Q

stroma

definition

A

the aqeous cytoplasm-like fluid surrounding the thylakoids in chloroplasts

site of kelvin cycle

46
Q

cisternae

definition

A

the stacked flatterned sacs that make up the golgi

47
Q

clathrin

definition

A

protein that anchors specific proteins to areas of the cell membrane

48
Q

morphogen

definition

A

signal molecule that controls cell differentiation

49
Q

stem cell

definition

A

undifferentiated cells that can become multiple different types of specialised cells

50
Q

stem cell niche

definition

A

the location in adults where multipotent stem cells are present in high numbers as a result of regular proliferation

51
Q

steps from gamete to infant

A

gamete, zygote, embryo, foetus, infant

52
Q

unique properties of stem cells

A
  1. they can self renew
  2. can recreate functional tissues
53
Q

totipotent stem cells

definition

A

can produce any tissue type, only found in zygotes

54
Q

pluripotent stem cells

definition

A

can differentiate into MOST cell types

55
Q

multipotent stem cells

definition

A

can differentiate into manu similar cell types

56
Q

where are totipotent stem cells found

A

zygotes (3-5 day embryos)

57
Q

where are pluripotent stem cells found

A

embryos (days 4-7)

58
Q

where are multipotent stem cells found

A

adults and everything up to adults

59
Q

what does a low concentration or morphogens form

A

nerve cells

60
Q

what does a medium concentration of morphogens differentiate into

A

muscle cells

61
Q

what does a high concentration of morphogens differentiate into

A

epidermal cells

62
Q

adaptation of size for egg cell

A

higher volume means more storage for nutrients so smaller surface area to volume ratio

63
Q

adaptation of size for sperm cells

A

slender and small volume for increased speed

64
Q

adaptations of red blood cells for size

A

biconcave shape means higher SA:V and more available haemaglobin

65
Q

adaptations of size for white blood cells

A

more rough endoplasmic reticulum and golgi for antibodies when swollen

66
Q

adaptations of sized for neurons

A

long axon for increased transmission speed

67
Q

striated muscle

A

more force and flexibility

68
Q

erythrocytes adaptations for surface area

A
  • low volume due to no nucleus and shape
  • more cytoplasm with haemaglobin close to membrane
  • O2 moves in and out faster
69
Q

proximal convoluted tubule cells adaptations for surface area

A
  • cube shape to pack together tightly
  • microvilli on inside surface
  • folds and protective layer on outer surface
  • mitochondria for active transport
70
Q

type 1 pneumocytes adaptations for surface area

A
  • long and thin cells with few organelles
  • only one cell thick and near one cell thick capillaries
  • tight junctions to keep fluid out
71
Q

what constitutes an organelle

A

an organelle is a discrete subunit of a cell that performs one or more specific functions

72
Q

type 2 pneumocytes adaptations for surface area

A
  • cube shape with more volume for organelles
  • room for organelles to make and secrete surfactants
  • microvilli facing alveolus
73
Q

skeletal muscle cells adaptations for surface area

A
  • long multinucleate cells created from cells fusing together
  • visible bands so striations shorten and lengthen for movement
74
Q

cardiac muscle cells adaptations for surface area

A
  • branching to connect multiple cells in y shape
  • intercalated disks form junctions between cells to pass electrical currents
75
Q
A

Biology (12 decks)

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