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Biology > B2 form and function of cells > Flashcards

B2 form and function of cells Flashcards

1
Q

integral protein

definition

A

protein embedded through the whole plasma membrane due to their amphipathic nature

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2
Q

peripheral protein

definition

A

proteins bound to the inner or outer surface of the membreane or integral protein

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3
Q

cholesterol

definition

A

a chain of steroid lipids that sit in the hydrophobic regions of animal cell membranes

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4
Q

glycoprotein

definition

A

carbohydrate attached to a protein

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5
Q

glycolipid

definition

A

carbohydrate attached to a lipid

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6
Q

junction membrane protein

definition/function

A

joins two cells together

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7
Q

enzyme membrane protein

definition/function

A

catalyse metabolic reactions

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8
Q

transport membrane protein

definition/function

A

faccilitated diffusion, osmosis and active transport

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9
Q

recignition membrane protein

definition/function

A

glycoproteins, markers for cell identification

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10
Q

anchoring membrane proteins

definition/function

A

attachment site for cytoskeleton

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11
Q

transduction membrane protein

definition/function

A

receptors for hormones and other signalling molecules

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12
Q

what happens to plasma membranes in cold environments

A

condensing of phospholipids reduces membrane fluidity

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13
Q

solution to cold environments for plant plasma membranes

A

unsaturated fats to preserve distance

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14
Q

solutions to cold environments for animal plasma membranes

A

unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol preserve distance

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15
Q

what happens to a plasma mambrane under hot conditions

A

expands and can lyse/burts

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16
Q

solutions for plant plasma membranes in hot environments

A

more saturated fats for denser phospholipids and higher melting points

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17
Q

solutions for animal plasma membranes in hot environments

A

cholesterol to connect and reduce space between phospholipids

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18
Q

simple diffusion

definition

A

particles move through the phospholipid bilayer from high concentration to low concentration

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19
Q

simple diffusion moves what molecules

A

fast: small, non-polar
slowly: small and polar

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20
Q

facilitated diffusion

definition

A

particles move from high concentration to low concentration through a protein channel or carrier protein

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21
Q

protein channel moves what particles

A

small charged/polar things

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22
Q

carrier protein moves what molecules

A

larger polar/non-polar things

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23
Q

osmosis

definition

A

movement of water form a high concentration of water to a low concentration of water through the plasma membrane or aquaporins

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24
Q

protein pump is used for

A

moving any particle from alow concentration to a high concentration

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25
properties of passive transport
- movement from high concentration to low concentration - down or with the concentration gradient - NO energy required
26
types of passive transport
1. simple diffusion 2. facilitated diffusion 3. osmosis
27
properties of active transport
- from a low concentration to high concentration - up or against the concentration gradient - requires energy (ATP)
28
types of active transport
1. protein pumps 2. endo/exocytosis
29
hypertonic environment | definition
an aqueous solution with a higher solute concentration than other (the cell cytoplasm)
30
hypotonic envirionment | definition
an aqeous solution with a lower solute concentration compared to another (the cell cytoplasm)
31
isotonic environment | definition
when two solutions have the same solute concentration (intra and extracellular environment)
32
endocytosis | definition
materials enter the cell by pushing through the plasma membrane, creating a vessicle | type of active transport
33
exocytosis | definition
meterials exit the cell by a vessicle during with the membrane expelling them | type of active transport
34
gated ion channel | definition
protein channels specifically for ions that do not remain open naturally
35
indirect active transport | definition
when ATP is used to move a substance but a second substance can move as a result of this
36
Cell-Adhesion molecules (CAM) | definition
proteins embedded into the cell membrane that protrude out and join to create cell junctions
37
voltage gated ion channel | definition
an ion channel whose activity relies on the chanrge difference between the inside and outside of a cell
38
example of a voltage gated ion channel
potassium channel
39
neurotransmitter gated ion channel | definition
an ion channel whose activity is determined by receptors on the protein channel that only open when a specific neurotransmitter binds to it
40
example of a neurotransmitter gated ion channel
nicotonic acetylcholine receptor
41
example of indirect active transport | explain
sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters
42
matrix | definition
the fluid area of enzymes inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria | site of the Kreb's cycle
43
cristae | definition
tubular regions created by deep folds in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
44
thylakoid | definition
disks of membrane that stack to form granum and are often connected by lamella in chloroplasts
45
stroma | definition
the aqeous cytoplasm-like fluid surrounding the thylakoids in chloroplasts | site of kelvin cycle
46
cisternae | definition
the stacked flatterned sacs that make up the golgi
47
clathrin | definition
protein that anchors specific proteins to areas of the cell membrane
48
morphogen | definition
signal molecule that controls cell differentiation
49
stem cell | definition
undifferentiated cells that can become multiple different types of specialised cells
50
stem cell niche | definition
the location in adults where multipotent stem cells are present in high numbers as a result of regular proliferation
51
steps from gamete to infant
gamete, zygote, embryo, foetus, infant
52
unique properties of stem cells
1. they can self renew 2. can recreate functional tissues
53
totipotent stem cells | definition
can produce any tissue type, only found in zygotes
54
pluripotent stem cells | definition
can differentiate into MOST cell types
55
multipotent stem cells | definition
can differentiate into manu similar cell types
56
where are totipotent stem cells found
zygotes (3-5 day embryos)
57
where are pluripotent stem cells found
embryos (days 4-7)
58
where are multipotent stem cells found
adults and everything up to adults
59
what does a low concentration or morphogens form
nerve cells
60
what does a medium concentration of morphogens differentiate into
muscle cells
61
what does a high concentration of morphogens differentiate into
epidermal cells
62
adaptation of size for egg cell
higher volume means more storage for nutrients so smaller surface area to volume ratio
63
adaptation of size for sperm cells
slender and small volume for increased speed
64
adaptations of red blood cells for size
biconcave shape means higher SA:V and more available haemaglobin
65
adaptations of size for white blood cells
more rough endoplasmic reticulum and golgi for antibodies when swollen
66
adaptations of sized for neurons
long axon for increased transmission speed
67
striated muscle
more force and flexibility
68
erythrocytes adaptations for surface area
- low volume due to no nucleus and shape - more cytoplasm with haemaglobin close to membrane - O2 moves in and out faster
69
proximal convoluted tubule cells adaptations for surface area
- cube shape to pack together tightly - microvilli on inside surface - folds and protective layer on outer surface - mitochondria for active transport
70
type 1 pneumocytes adaptations for surface area
- long and thin cells with few organelles - only one cell thick and near one cell thick capillaries - tight junctions to keep fluid out
71
what constitutes an organelle
an organelle is a discrete subunit of a cell that performs one or more specific functions
72
type 2 pneumocytes adaptations for surface area
- cube shape with more volume for organelles - room for organelles to make and secrete surfactants - microvilli facing alveolus
73
skeletal muscle cells adaptations for surface area
- long multinucleate cells created from cells fusing together - visible bands so striations shorten and lengthen for movement
74
cardiac muscle cells adaptations for surface area
- branching to connect multiple cells in y shape - intercalated disks form junctions between cells to pass electrical currents
75

Biology (13 decks)

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