General Exam Revision unit 1/2

Question 1

Cell theory

Answer 1

• The cell is the smallest unit of life
• All living things are composed of cells
• Cells arise from pre-existing cells

Question 2

Prokaryotes

Groups of organisms

Answer 2

• bacteria
• archaea

Unicellular

Question 3

Eukaryotes

Groups of organisms

Answer 3

Mulitcellular
* plants
* animals
Uni or multicellular
* protista
* fungi

Question 4

steps of apoptosis

Answer 4

1. Cell
2. condense
3. fragment (blebbing)
4. apoptotic bodies
5. recycled by other cells

Question 5

Apoptosis

Intrinsic pathway

Answer 5

1. via internal disruption eg. DNA damage
2. release of pro-apoptotic proteins from mitochondria

Question 6

Apoptosis

Extrinsic pathway

Answer 6

1. death receptors recieve external ligands on cell surface
2. initiates a cascafde of pro-apoptotic sygnals

Question 7

Apoptosis

purposes

Answer 7

1. to create structures in a developing foetus
2. removed infected or cancerous cells

Question 8

Cancer

caused by

Answer 8

1. mutations to proto-oncogenes
   * they become oncogenes
   * mutated genes cause cell cycle to become unregulated
2. mutated tumor supressor genes (anti-oncogenes)
   * supress cell cycle progression and prevent apoptosis
   * apoptotic sygnals are nto recieved

Question 9

Stem cells

properties

Answer 9

1. slef renew
2. potency (differentiation)

Question 10

Biethical Approaches

Answer 10

1. consequence based
2. duty based
3. virtue based

Question 11

ethical concepts

Answer 11

integrity
justice
non-maleficence
beneficence
respect

Question 12

consequence based

bioethical approach

Answer 12

focus on outcome not process
weigh up positives and negatives
aim is to increase positive, decrease negatives

Question 13

duty based

bioethical approach

Answer 13

do what is right by the rules, regardless of the eventual outcome

Question 14

virtue based

bioethical approach

Answer 14

looks at what a “good person” would do, takes into account the different effects of actions on different people

Question 15

integrity

ethical concept

Answer 15

a commitment to searching for knowledge and the honest reporting of all findings that are accesible to all members of the community

Question 16

justice

ethical concept

Answer 16

a moral obligation to make the medecation or service available to everyone

Question 17

non-maleficence

ethical concept

Answer 17

the obligation to never intentionally inflict harm

Question 18

beneficence

ethical concept

Answer 18

the commitment to maximising benefits and minimising risks/potential for harm

Question 19

respect

ethical concept

Answer 19

ensuring all patients are fully informed about the procedure and have given consent

Question 20

what are the stages in the cell cycle

cell cycle

Answer 20

interphase
M phase
G0

Question 21

interphase

Cell cycle

Answer 21

G1 (growth, protein synthesis for DNA replication)
S (replication of DNA)
G2 (growth and more preperation for division, organelles are duplicated)

Question 22

M phase

Cell cycle

Answer 22

mitosis and cytokinesis

Question 23

Genome

definition

Answer 23

the entire set of DNA instructions found in a call

EG. the human genome is 23 pairs of chromosomes

Question 24

name of the structures inside chloroplasts

Answer 24

granum

Question 25

when are line and scatter plots used | (graphs)

Answer 25

when the data is continuous | (shows change over time)

Question 26

Ramdom error characteristics

Answer 26

- cannot be avoided - effect the precision of a measurement - shown by variations in distance between data points across trials - unexpected and unpredictable differences in data

Question 27

systematic error characteristics

Answer 27

- consistent errors in measurement - you can predict the error because it occurs by the same amount every time - consistent errors in data

Question 28

personal error characteristics

Answer 28

- not measured arrors but are the faults of the person carrying out the experiment - EG. accidentally using the wrong acid concerntration -

Question 29

When is a line graph prefered

Answer 29

- showing trends anc changes - making predictions

Question 30

when is a scatter plot prefered

Answer 30

- to show the relationship between two variables

Question 31

nucleosome

Answer 31

DNA wrapped around 8 histones

Question 32

G1 checkpoint

Answer 32

- cell size - nutrients - DNA damage - growth factors

Question 33

G2 checkpoint

Answer 33

- cell size - DNA replication

Question 34

M checkpoint (metaphase)

Answer 34

spindle attachment to chromosomes

Question 35

non-disjunction

Answer 35

the failure of chromosomes to seperate which causes abnormal chromosome numbers in daughter cells

Question 36

potency of blastocyst

Answer 36

pluripotent

Question 37

morula

Answer 37

stage before blastocyst totipotent

Question 38

ectoderm

Answer 38

nervous system and skin

Question 39

mesoderm

Answer 39

muscle skeleton reproductive system

Question 40

endoderm

Answer 40

lungs digestive tract