General Exam Revision unit 1/2 Flashcards
Cell theory
- The cell is the smallest unit of life
- All living things are composed of cells
- Cells arise from pre-existing cells
Prokaryotes
Groups of organisms
- bacteria
- archaea
Unicellular
Eukaryotes
Groups of organisms
Mulitcellular
* plants
* animals
Uni or multicellular
* protista
* fungi
steps of apoptosis
- Cell
- condense
- fragment (blebbing)
- apoptotic bodies
- recycled by other cells
Apoptosis
Intrinsic pathway
- via internal disruption eg. DNA damage
- release of pro-apoptotic proteins from mitochondria
Apoptosis
Extrinsic pathway
- death receptors recieve external ligands on cell surface
- initiates a cascafde of pro-apoptotic sygnals
Apoptosis
purposes
- to create structures in a developing foetus
- removed infected or cancerous cells
Cancer
caused by
- mutations to proto-oncogenes
* they become oncogenes
* mutated genes cause cell cycle to become unregulated - mutated tumor supressor genes (anti-oncogenes)
* supress cell cycle progression and prevent apoptosis
* apoptotic sygnals are nto recieved
Stem cells
properties
- slef renew
- potency (differentiation)
Biethical Approaches
- consequence based
- duty based
- virtue based
ethical concepts
integrity
justice
non-maleficence
beneficence
respect
consequence based
bioethical approach
focus on outcome not process
weigh up positives and negatives
aim is to increase positive, decrease negatives
duty based
bioethical approach
do what is right by the rules, regardless of the eventual outcome
virtue based
bioethical approach
looks at what a “good person” would do, takes into account the different effects of actions on different people
integrity
ethical concept
a commitment to searching for knowledge and the honest reporting of all findings that are accesible to all members of the community
justice
ethical concept
a moral obligation to make the medecation or service available to everyone
non-maleficence
ethical concept
the obligation to never intentionally inflict harm
beneficence
ethical concept
the commitment to maximising benefits and minimising risks/potential for harm
respect
ethical concept
ensuring all patients are fully informed about the procedure and have given consent
what are the stages in the cell cycle
cell cycle
interphase
M phase
G0
interphase
Cell cycle
G1 (growth, protein synthesis for DNA replication)
S (replication of DNA)
G2 (growth and more preperation for division, organelles are duplicated)
M phase
Cell cycle
mitosis and cytokinesis
Genome
definition
the entire set of DNA instructions found in a call
EG. the human genome is 23 pairs of chromosomes
name of the structures inside chloroplasts
granum
when are line and scatter plots used
(graphs)
when the data is continuous
(shows change over time)
Ramdom error characteristics
- cannot be avoided
- effect the precision of a measurement
- shown by variations in distance between data points across trials
- unexpected and unpredictable differences in data
systematic error characteristics
- consistent errors in measurement
- you can predict the error because it occurs by the same amount every time
- consistent errors in data
personal error characteristics
- not measured arrors but are the faults of the person carrying out the experiment
- ## EG. accidentally using the wrong acid concerntration
When is a line graph prefered
- showing trends anc changes
- making predictions
when is a scatter plot prefered
- to show the relationship between two variables
nucleosome
DNA wrapped around 8 histones
G1 checkpoint
- cell size
- nutrients
- DNA damage
- growth factors
G2 checkpoint
- cell size
- DNA replication
M checkpoint (metaphase)
spindle attachment to chromosomes
non-disjunction
the failure of chromosomes to seperate which causes abnormal chromosome numbers in daughter cells
potency of blastocyst
pluripotent
morula
stage before blastocyst
totipotent
ectoderm
nervous system and skin
mesoderm
muscle
skeleton
reproductive system
endoderm
lungs
digestive tract
