C4 interaction and interdependence of ecosystems

Question 1

population

Answer 1

interacting groups of organisms of the same species living in an area that can successfully interbreed

Question 2

population size

Answer 2

the number of individuals of the same species living in that area at that time

Question 3

random sampling

Answer 3

when the zone/area that a sample is taken from is chosen without using a predictive pattern

Question 4

sampling error

Answer 4

the difference between the estimated population size from the random sample and the population size in actuality

Question 5

quadrat sampling

Answer 5

used for random samples of sessile immobile organisms, all organisms completely within the quadrat are counted

Question 6

standard deviation

what does it tell us?

Answer 6

if the standard deviation is small then the data set was not very spread out
if the standard deviation is large then the data set was very spread out

Question 7

why would you use the capture mark release recapture method of sampling

Answer 7

when animals are mobile and can leave the quadrat, if most of the recaptured organisms are marked then the population is small

Question 8

what is the lincoln index used for

Answer 8

to estimate the size of a population, can be used with the capture recapture method

Question 9

carrying capacity

Answer 9

the maximum number of organisms that an environnment can consistently meet the needs of

Question 10

limiting factor

Answer 10

any aspect or event in a habitat that prevents a population from continuing to grow larger as it is in finita availiability but needed by many individuals

Question 11

density dependant factor

Answer 11

factors that have increasing effectws as the population becomes larger, they are the basis for negative feedback mechanisms

Question 12

density independent factor

Answer 12

factors that have the same effect on organisms regardless fo the population size

Question 13

factors of an exponential growth curve

Answer 13

• positive feedback scenario
• both the size and rate of growth continually increase due to abundant resources
• impacted by density independant factors e.g natural disaster or climate change

Question 14

factors of a sigmond growth curve

Answer 14

• has aan exponential, transotional and plateau phase
• population grows rapidly unitl it stabalises at the carrying capacity due to limited resources
• impacted by both density dependant and independant factors

Question 15

hebivory

Answer 15

an interspecific relationship that incolves a primary consumer feeding on preducers

(interspecific)

Question 16

predation

Answer 16

interspecific relaionship where one consumer species kills and eats another

(interspecific)

Question 17

mutualism

Answer 17

a type of symbiotic relationship where thwo species both benefit from the interaction

(interspecific)

Question 18

parasitism

Answer 18

a symbiotic relationship where the parasite species benefits to the detriment of the host

(interspecific)

Question 19

pathenogenicity

Answer 19

where one organism causes a disease to antother (not symbiotic as it’s not an ongoing relationship)

(interspecific)

Question 20

endemic species

Answer 20

a species naturally found in that area (population size is maintained by density dependent factors)

Question 21

invasive species

Answer 21

species that sucessfully survive in a non-native environment and do not have a natural predaotor there

Question 22

cooperation

Answer 22

behaviors that benefits all members and is seen in more complex social animals e.g. huddling for warmth

(intraspecific relaitonship)

Question 23

competition

Answer 23

when species or individuals live in the same niche and compete for limited resources. Either some die or competitive exclusion principle and niche partitioning occurs

(interpecific and intraspecific relationship)

Question 24

rhizobium bacteria grow in nidules in plant roots

examples of mutualsim

Answer 24

bacteria - sugar from plant photosynthesising and shelter/protection form consumers on roots
plant - bacteria take nitrogen form atmosphere and fix it into ammonium and nitrates that plants can use (usable nitrogen for proteins)

Question 25

mycorrhizae fungi growing on (orchid) roots

example of mutualism

Answer 25

fungi - sugar from plant photosynthesising
orchid - fungi help to absorbe nitrogen and phosphorus, help obsorbe carbon compounds and helps unptake of water into plant

Question 26

zooxanthellae and coral

example of mutualism

Answer 26

algae - get a home, protection from pradators, co2 source from coral, coral grows closer to sea surface therefor close to light aids photosynthesis
coral - sugar from algae photosynthesis

Question 27

what is considerred a positive association between two species

Answer 27

when they are bothin a quadrat or neither in a quadrat

Question 28

what is considerred a competitive association between two species

Answer 28

when they are found in seperate quadrats

Question 29

antibiotics

Answer 29

a secondary metabolite and example of allelopathy were one organism releases a chemical that negatively impacts another (kill/inhibit growth of nearby bacteria)

Question 30

allelopathy

Answer 30

the release of chemicals into the environment that imapacts another organsim often negatively, providiin a competitive advantage (kill other plants)

Question 31

primary metabolite

Answer 31

a metabolite essential to the basic function of life and often shared by many organisms

Question 32

secondary metabolite

Answer 32

only made by certain organisms and not essential to life but often help organisms ger food or avoid predation (usually released into the environment)

Question 33

first law of thermodynamics

Answer 33

states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed

Question 34

second law of thermodynamics

Answer 34

states that when energy transfers forms it often transforms to a less usable form like heat energy

Question 35

producer

Answer 35

organisms that convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars by using solar energy

Question 36

consumer

Answer 36

organisms that kill and ingest other living organisms to obtain carbon compounds and therfor energy

Question 37

decomposers

Answer 37

organisms that release enzymes to break down unconsumed parts of other organisms to get energy, return compounds to the soil to help future plants and prevent buildup of unsused matter

Question 38

trophic levels

Answer 38

indicate howmmany organisms in an ecosystem energy has flown through

Question 39

assimilation

Answer 39

the process of digesting food containing carbon based compounds and then using the components to build things for the body (post digestion use of nutrients)

Question 40

open system

Answer 40

a system where energy can enter as solar energy and leave as heat but matter can also eneter and leave in an open system

Question 41

closed system

Answer 41

energy enters as solar energy and leaves as heat energy only, all matter in the system us recycled

Question 42

pohtoautotrophs

Answer 42

use light energy, water and co2 to make glucose

Question 43

chemoautotrophs

Answer 43

use co2 and inorganic compounds e.g. sulfur and iron to make glucose, they use energy from oxidising chemicals to synthesise glucose

Question 44

heterotroph

Answer 44

relies on other organsisms to obtain carbon compounds

Question 45

autotroph

Answer 45

use energy to convert co2 into solid carbon compounds (glucose)

Question 46

primary production

Answer 46

the accumulation of carbon compounds into biomass by autotrophs

Question 47

secondary production

Answer 47

the accumulation of carbon compounds into biomass by heterotrophs

Question 48

three types of energy loss between trophic levels

Answer 48

1. incomplete consumption
2. incomplete digestion
3. cell respiration (release of heat during cellular respiraiton)

Question 49

carbon pool

Answer 49

a reserve or storage of carbon e.g. oceans

Question 50

carbon sink

Answer 50

a carbon pool that can take up more carbon than it releases

Question 51

carbon flux

Answer 51

a process that transfers cerbon from one pool to another, can be natural or caused by human activity

Question 52

carbon flux due to living things

Answer 52

1. photosynthesis
2. feeding
3. respiration

Question 53

carbon compounds to know

Answer 53

1. gas (co2)
2. fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas)
3. organic compounds (solid food, fats, proteins, carbohydrates)
4. biomass
5. wastes and rots

Question 54

annual keeling curve pattern

Answer 54

co2:
- decreases from may-october
- coincides with summer in northern hemisphere (more light, more photosynthesis, more use of co2)