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Biology > A2 unity and diversity of cells > Flashcards

A2 unity and diversity of cells Flashcards

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1
Q

protocell

definition

A

any unit contained by a membrane that is comleting cellular reactions

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2
Q

what does the central dogma describe?

A

that the process goes DNA then RNA then Proteins

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3
Q

RNA world hypothesis

explain

A

a series of nucleic acids were in water, they easily self assemble so formed a polymer, can then act as a catalyst for protein synthesis and for DNA replication

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4
Q

LUCA

define

A

the last universal common ancestor before living organisms split into bacteria, archae and eukaryotes

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5
Q

evidence of shared ancestory (LUCA)

A
  • universal genetic code
  • same biomolecules and metabolic processes
  • traked ~300 shared genes for anaerobic processes
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6
Q

where is LUCA thought to be?

A
  • in a low O2 environment
  • where there are other favorable conditions
    Hydrothermal Vents (fossils have been found here)
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7
Q

index fossil

definition

A

a fossil that we know an approximate timing of and is widespread

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8
Q

relative dating

definition

A

the use of an index fossil to declare whether a found fossil is younger/older than it and thus its approximate age

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9
Q

absolute dating

definition

A

using carbon-14 (a radioactive isotope) with a known half life to measure it’s age

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10
Q

atypical cell

definition

A

a cell that lacks certain crutial organelles

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11
Q

fungal hyphae

example of atypical cell

A

loss of cell membrane between cells
results in long cells with many nuclei

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12
Q

phloem seive tube element

example of atypical cell

A

have lost all of their organelles and nucleus
transport sugar and sap in plants
rely on a companion cell with a nucleus and mitochondria to function

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13
Q

skeletal muscle cells

example of atypical cells

A

fibres are long and thin for muscle contraction
manyu nuclei per cell
internal and external mitochondria

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14
Q

red blood cells

example of atypical cells

A

no nucleus
biconcave shape to increase SA:V and have more surface haemaglobin to carry O2

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15
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A
  1. early eukaryote engulfs a prokaryote
  2. the prokaryote functions inside the eukaryote
  3. more energy for the cell so better evolutionarily
  4. cell survives more over time
  5. these become mitochonria (same thing happens for chloroplasts)
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16
Q

evidence of endosymbiotic theory

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts have
- 70s ribosomes
- double membrane (one form host)
- own circular loop of DNA
- about the same size as a prokaryote
- self replicate seperate to cell

17
Q

process of evolution of specialised cells

A

different genes are expressed from the genome
this effects the proteins made
cells have different structure
cells have different function

18
Q

features common to all viruses

A
  1. envelope (host cell membrane)
  2. protein caspid
  3. protein spikes
  4. nucleic acid
19
Q

what types of genetic material can viruses have?

A

double and single stranded DNA
double and single stranded RNA

20
Q

Stages of the lytic cell cycle of viruses

A
  1. attachment
  2. DNA penetration
  3. DNA replication
  4. Transcription
  5. translation of viral parts
  6. assembly and lysis
21
Q

lysogenic life cycle of viruses

A
  1. attachment
  2. DNA penetration
  3. integration to form a prophage
  4. mitosis/binary fission
  5. cell division
  6. trigger of entrance into lytic cycle (viral DNA leaves prophage)
  7. DNA replication
  8. transcription
  9. translation of viral parts
  10. assembly and lysis
22
Q

virus first hypothesis

origin of viruses

A
  • viruses existed before cells
  • cells evolved form them
    contry evidence
  • cells originated from primordial soup
23
Q

regressive hypothesis

origin of viruses

A

viruses are cells that lost structures and functions and became parasidic

24
Q

progressive hypothesis

origin of viruses

A

strand of nucleic acid escaped a cell, gained function and evolved into a virus

25
Q

evidence for viruses evolving convergently

A

lack of common ancestor because of high diversity in genetic material
have seperately evolved helpful adaptaions

26
Q

examples of requirements for living

A
  1. homeostasis
  2. metabolism
  3. reproduction/self replication
27
Q

factors needed to create a living cell

A
  1. catalyst
  2. self-replication of molecules
  3. self assembly of monomers into polymers (condensation reactions)
  4. compartmentalisation
28
Q

gram positive

A

peptidoglycan layers outside phospholipod bilayer

29
Q

lysosomes contain

A

40+ hydrolyic enzymes

30
Q

gram negative

A

thin peptidoglycan layer between two phospholipid bilayers

31
Q

adipocyte

A

found in plant cells and stores starch granules

32
Q

what are plant cell walls made out of

A

cellulose

33
Q

what are fungal cell walls made of

A

chitin

Biology (12 decks)

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