B1 form and function of molecules

Question 1

Polymer

definition

Answer 1

a chain of repearting monomers

umbrellar term for polysaccharides and polypeptides

Question 2

monomer

definition

Answer 2

the building blocks of macromolecules

Question 3

polysaccharide

definition

Answer 3

many monosaccharides chemically bonded together for energy storage

Question 4

monosaccharide

definition

Answer 4

one sugar units that are the monomers of carbohydrates

can be pentose or hexose

Question 5

polypeptide

definition

Answer 5

a series of amino acids chemically bonded together

Question 6

condensation reaction

explain

Answer 6

joins monosaccharides together to form polysaccharides by removing the H from one and the OH from another to form a waste product of water

Question 7

Monosaccharides (glucose) are the monomers of…….

Answer 7

carbohydrates

Question 8

fatty acids and glycorol/phosphates are the monomers of……

Answer 8

lipids

Question 9

amino acids are the monomers of……

Answer 9

proteins

Question 10

nucleotides are the monomers of……..

Answer 10

nucleic acids

Question 11

properties of glucose

4 total

Answer 11

contains 5 polar OH groups therefore the whole molecule is polar
1. molecular stability
(due to covalent bonds)
2. high solubility in water
(due to polarity)
3. easily transported
(due to solubility)
4. yields high energy when oxidised
(breaks high energy covalent bonds)

Question 12

what are the 4 macromolecules

Answer 12

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

Question 13

hydrolysis

explain

Answer 13

turns polymers into monomers by using water to add a H to one monomer and OH to another monomer breaking the bond and both monomers have another hydroxyl group

Question 14

Amino acids contain

structure

Answer 14

1. central carbon
2. amine group (NH2)
3. carboxyl group (COOH)
4. unique R group

Question 15

Condensation of amino acids into (dipeptides/proteins)

Answer 15

the H from the amine group of one amino acid is remove and the OH from the carboxyl group of another to from a peptide bond and water

Question 16

peptide bond

explain

Answer 16

the strong covalent bond that forms when two amino acids bond together

Question 17

Elements in Carbohydrates

Answer 17

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (1:2:1)

Question 18

Elements in lipids

Answer 18

Long carbon hydrogen chains and a small amount of oxygen

Question 19

Elements in proteins

Answer 19

Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

Question 20

Starch (amylose and amelopectin) are examples of…….

Answer 20

carbohydrates

Question 21

glycogen is an example of……

Answer 21

a carbohydrate

Question 22

cellulose is an example of……

Answer 22

a carbohydrate

Question 23

Saturated fatty acids contain…..

Answer 23

single carbon to carbon bonds

Question 24

properties of saturated fatty acids

Answer 24

• densly packed
• high melting point so solid at room temp

Question 25

monounsaturated fatty acids contain......

Answer 25

one double carbon to carbon bond, the rest are single

Question 26

polyunsaturated fatty acids contain....

Answer 26

more than one double carbon to carbon bond

Question 27

properties of monounsaturated fats

Answer 27

- less dense - low melting point so liquid at room temp

Question 28

what makes up a triglyceride

Answer 28

a glycerol backbone and three fatty acid tails joined by esther linkages (condensation reaction)

Question 29

triglycerides are examples of......

Answer 29

lipids

Question 30

properties of triglycerides

Answer 30

- non-polar - hydrophobic - stable energy storage - contain lots of energy - poor heat conductors so good insulation

Question 31

phospholipids are an example of.....

Answer 31

lipids

Question 32

properties of phospholipids

Answer 32

- contain 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group - amphipathic (non-polar and polar regions)

Question 33

steroids are an example of.....

Answer 33

lipids

Question 34

properties of steroids

Answer 34

- made of 4 fused carbon hydrogen rings

Question 35

how many amino acids are there

Answer 35

20 unique 9 are essential

Question 36

amino acids contain....

Answer 36

an amine group, an R group and a carboxyl group

Question 37

R groups can be.....

Answer 37

polar, non-polar and charged

Question 38

what bonds to amino acids form firectly between eachother

Answer 38

peptide bonds

Question 39

collagen is an example of.....

Answer 39

a protein

Question 40

properties of collagen

Answer 40

- 3 polypeptide chains - fibrous - used for tendons and ligaments

Question 41

insulin is an example of.....

Answer 41

a protein

Question 42

properties of insulin

Answer 42

- globular - non-conjugated - 2 polupeptide chains attached by disulfide bridges

Question 43

haemoglobin is an example of.....

Answer 43

a protein

Question 44

properties of haemoglobin

Answer 44

- globular - conjugated - 4 polypeptides (2 alpha globin, 2 beta globin) - 4 heme groups

Question 45

What is the primary structure of a protein

Answer 45

the specific sequence of amino acids held together by strong peptide bonds | determined by DNA sequences

Question 46

what can alter primary structure?

Answer 46

mutation

Question 47

what is the secondary structure of a protein?

Answer 47

hydrigen bonds between the c and o, and n and h of two amino acids as they are charged

Question 48

what alters secondary structure

Answer 48

bonds break in extreme environments

Question 49

what is the tertiary structure of a protein?

Answer 49

the unique folding created by R group interactions

Question 50

types of r group interactions

Answer 50

1. disulfide bridges between cycstines 2. ionic bonds 3. hydrogen bonds 4. hydrophibic interactions

Question 51

what can break tertiary structure?

Answer 51

1. mutations if they change the r groups 2. denaturation in extreme temps

Question 52

what is the quaternery structure of a protein?

Answer 52

the coming together or many polypeptides (non-conjugated) and non protein parts (conjugated) by r group interactions | changes to shape same as for teriary

Question 53

Anabolic reaction

Answer 53

when two or more substrates form one product | e.g. photosynthesis

Question 54

catabolic reaction

Answer 54

one substrate breaks down to form two or more products | e.g. digestion