IB Bio semester 1 exam revision Flashcards
necessary questions of case studies (not all content)
In situ conservation efforts
- rewilding (return or removal of species)
- national park establishment
- reclamation (replanting/resistablisment)
ex situ conservation efforts
- zoo breeding programs (artificial insemination)
- seed and tissue banks
- botanic gardens
adaptations of grass to sand dunes
- schlerenchyma tissue
- fructans in roots and leaves
- rolled leaves
- sunken stomata
- waxy cuticle on leaves
adaptations of trees to mangrove swamps
- mineral ions in roots
- pnuemenophores
- suberin coating on roots
- salt glands in leaves
- large buoyant seeds
conditions of coral
pH 7.8 or higher
< 50m below water level
salinity 32 - 42 ppt
temp 23-29 degrees
turbidity clear enough for light to come through
sagurg cactus adaptations to the dessert
- widespread and long roots
- stems have fat storage tissue and vertically orientated pleats
- leaves reduced to spines
- CAM metabolism
fennek fox adaptations to dessert
- large ears
- thick and light coloured coat
- noctournal and den building
- high water reabsorbtion, low urination
yellow meranti tree adaptation to rainforrest
- tall, hard, dense trunks
- broad oval leaves
- enzymes can function up to 35 degrees
spider monkey adaptations to rainforrest
- mobile shoulder and tail joints, long arms and legs
- sleep at night, awake during day
- development of larynx
adaptations of animals for herbivory
beetles
1. jaw like mouths
aphids
1. long tubular mouthpiece
adaptations against herbivory
- thorns or spines as leaves
- production of toxins (secondary metabolite) in leaves and seeds
adaptations for predation
bear
1. wait at top of stream for salmon
vampire bat
1. sharp long teeth good for piercing flesh
black mamba snake
1. neurotoxin to paralise prey
adaptations of prey to avoid predation
- camoflaged moths
- cinnabar moth caterpillar produces toxins
- schooling fish
plants to obtain light
- liana vines
- epiphytes
ecosystem sustainability measures
- # of biomes
- # of habitat types
- % covered by type
- % loss of ecosystem
species sustainability measures
species richness - # in habitat
species evenness - % of each species
number of endangered species
change in ranges of species
simpson’s diversity index
genetic diversity measures
phenotypic variation
genome sequencing
high genetic disease
North Island Giant Moas
extinct in New Zealand 500 - 1,000 years ago overhunted by humans for food
Carribean Monk Seal
extinct in the carribbean 50 - 100 years ago, overhunted for oil lamps
dipterocarp forrest
ongoing dramatic ecosystem loss of forest coverage due to logging for timber and clerance for palm oil plantations
fox in autralia
invasive specias brought over and specifically evolved plants/animals can’t cope
EDGE of existance prioroties
evolutionarily distinct
globally endangerred
rhizobium bacteria and nodules of plant roots
mutualistic relationships
bacteria
1. sugar from plant photosynthesising
2. shelter/protection from consumers
plant
1. bacteria take nitrogen from atmosphere and fix into usable forms for plants to use
mycorrhizae fungi and orchid roots
mutualistic relationships
fungi
1. sugar from plant photosynthesising
orchid
1. fungi help absorb, nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon compounds for better water absobtion (osmotic pressure)
zooxanthallae algae and coral polyp
algae
1. home, protection from predators, Co2 from coral, close to light for photosynthesis
coral polyp
1. carbon compounds form algae photosynthesysing
HW requirements for genetic equalibrium
- no gene flow (imigration or emigration)
- large population size
- random mating
- no new mutations that create new alleles/phenotypes
- no survival advantage
requirements for a sustainable ecosystem
- nutrient recycling
- sufficient energy for all organisms
- high genetic diversity in species to avoid exctinction (particularly of keystone species)
amazon rainforest sustainability
- has its own water cycle that is sustainable (from transpiration)
- deforrestation is removing plants and reducing transpiration distrupting the water cycle so the temperatures rise and rainfall decreases
- consequently plants die, fires start and the forrest becomes a grassland (tipping point)
black cherry trees sustainability
- sought after for furniature
- clear cutting nearly caused extinction
- have since been replaced with regulation
- selective logging now in place
chilean sea bass sustainability
- discouvered in tourists then highly saught after
- longline fishing used and overfishing decreased pop size
- now regulations in place for amount and fishing technique
examples of humans preventing sucession from leading to a climax communityh
- overgrazing of livestock prevents a grassland from becoming a forrest
- draining of wetlands stops it from becoming a peat bog
example of a tipping point
boreal forrest
- less snow in winter
- insufficient water causes drought
- trees die and create fires
- plantlife dies and decomposers more active
- inreased cellular respiration
-tipping point reached ans sink becomes source
emperor penguins impact of climate change
landfast cice melting
less safe for breeding
chicks not mature enough when ice melts
walruses and impact of climate change
melting of sea ice
no ice plantforms so they live on land
too far to travel for food
exhauses frmo travelling and leave young unattended getting food
phenology
the research of the timing of biological events
allelopathy
the release of chemicals into the environment that impacts another organism, often negatively, providing a competative advantage
antibiotics
a secondary metabolite released by organisms to kill bacteria
