IB Bio semester 1 exam revision

Question 1

In situ conservation efforts

Answer 1

1. rewilding (return or removal of species)
2. national park establishment
3. reclamation (replanting/resistablisment)

Question 2

ex situ conservation efforts

Answer 2

1. zoo breeding programs (artificial insemination)
2. seed and tissue banks
3. botanic gardens

Question 3

adaptations of grass to sand dunes

Answer 3

1. schlerenchyma tissue
2. fructans in roots and leaves
3. rolled leaves
4. sunken stomata
5. waxy cuticle on leaves

Question 4

adaptations of trees to mangrove swamps

Answer 4

1. mineral ions in roots
2. pnuemenophores
3. suberin coating on roots
4. salt glands in leaves
5. large buoyant seeds

Question 5

conditions of coral

Answer 5

pH 7.8 or higher
< 50m below water level
salinity 32 - 42 ppt
temp 23-29 degrees
turbidity clear enough for light to come through

Question 6

sagurg cactus adaptations to the dessert

Answer 6

1. widespread and long roots
2. stems have fat storage tissue and vertically orientated pleats
3. leaves reduced to spines
4. CAM metabolism

Question 7

fennek fox adaptations to dessert

Answer 7

1. large ears
2. thick and light coloured coat
3. noctournal and den building
4. high water reabsorbtion, low urination

Question 8

yellow meranti tree adaptation to rainforrest

Answer 8

1. tall, hard, dense trunks
2. broad oval leaves
3. enzymes can function up to 35 degrees

Question 8

spider monkey adaptations to rainforrest

Answer 8

1. mobile shoulder and tail joints, long arms and legs
2. sleep at night, awake during day
3. development of larynx

Question 8

adaptations of animals for herbivory

Answer 8

beetles
1. jaw like mouths
aphids
1. long tubular mouthpiece

Question 9

adaptations against herbivory

Answer 9

1. thorns or spines as leaves
2. production of toxins (secondary metabolite) in leaves and seeds

Question 10

adaptations for predation

Answer 10

bear
1. wait at top of stream for salmon
vampire bat
1. sharp long teeth good for piercing flesh
black mamba snake
1. neurotoxin to paralise prey

Question 11

adaptations of prey to avoid predation

Answer 11

1. camoflaged moths
2. cinnabar moth caterpillar produces toxins
3. schooling fish

Question 12

plants to obtain light

Answer 12

1. liana vines
2. epiphytes

Question 13

ecosystem sustainability measures

Answer 13

1. # of biomes
2. # of habitat types
3. % covered by type
4. % loss of ecosystem

Question 14

species sustainability measures

Answer 14

species richness - # in habitat
species evenness - % of each species
number of endangered species
change in ranges of species

simpson’s diversity index

Question 15

genetic diversity measures

Answer 15

phenotypic variation
genome sequencing
high genetic disease

Question 16

North Island Giant Moas

Answer 16

extinct in New Zealand 500 - 1,000 years ago overhunted by humans for food

Question 17

Carribean Monk Seal

Answer 17

extinct in the carribbean 50 - 100 years ago, overhunted for oil lamps

Question 18

dipterocarp forrest

Answer 18

ongoing dramatic ecosystem loss of forest coverage due to logging for timber and clerance for palm oil plantations

Question 19

fox in autralia

Answer 19

invasive specias brought over and specifically evolved plants/animals can’t cope

Question 20

EDGE of existance prioroties

Answer 20

evolutionarily distinct
globally endangerred

Question 21

rhizobium bacteria and nodules of plant roots

mutualistic relationships

Answer 21

bacteria
1. sugar from plant photosynthesising
2. shelter/protection from consumers
plant
1. bacteria take nitrogen from atmosphere and fix into usable forms for plants to use

Question 22

mycorrhizae fungi and orchid roots

mutualistic relationships

Answer 22

fungi
1. sugar from plant photosynthesising
orchid
1. fungi help absorb, nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon compounds for better water absobtion (osmotic pressure)

Question 23

zooxanthallae algae and coral polyp

Answer 23

algae 1. home, protection from predators, Co2 from coral, close to light for photosynthesis coral polyp 1. carbon compounds form algae photosynthesysing

Question 24

HW requirements for genetic equalibrium

Answer 24

1. no gene flow (imigration or emigration) 2. large population size 3. random mating 4. no new mutations that create new alleles/phenotypes 5. no survival advantage

Question 25

requirements for a sustainable ecosystem

Answer 25

1. nutrient recycling 2. sufficient energy for all organisms 3. high genetic diversity in species to avoid exctinction (particularly of keystone species)

Question 26

amazon rainforest sustainability

Answer 26

1. has its own water cycle that is sustainable (from transpiration) 2. deforrestation is removing plants and reducing transpiration distrupting the water cycle so the temperatures rise and rainfall decreases 3. consequently plants die, fires start and the forrest becomes a grassland (tipping point)

Question 27

black cherry trees sustainability

Answer 27

- sought after for furniature - clear cutting nearly caused extinction - have since been replaced with regulation - selective logging now in place

Question 28

chilean sea bass sustainability

Answer 28

- discouvered in tourists then highly saught after - longline fishing used and overfishing decreased pop size - now regulations in place for amount and fishing technique

Question 29

examples of humans preventing sucession from leading to a climax communityh

Answer 29

1. overgrazing of livestock prevents a grassland from becoming a forrest 2. draining of wetlands stops it from becoming a peat bog

Question 30

example of a tipping point

Answer 30

boreal forrest - less snow in winter - insufficient water causes drought - trees die and create fires - plantlife dies and decomposers more active - inreased cellular respiration -tipping point reached ans sink becomes source

Question 31

emperor penguins impact of climate change

Answer 31

landfast cice melting less safe for breeding chicks not mature enough when ice melts

Question 32

walruses and impact of climate change

Answer 32

melting of sea ice no ice plantforms so they live on land too far to travel for food exhauses frmo travelling and leave young unattended getting food

Question 33

phenology

Answer 33

the research of the timing of biological events

Question 34

allelopathy

Answer 34

the release of chemicals into the environment that impacts another organism, often negatively, providing a competative advantage

Question 35

antibiotics

Answer 35

a secondary metabolite released by organisms to kill bacteria