A4 unity and diversity of ecosystems Flashcards

1
Q

biological evolution

A

change in the heritable characteristics (rooted in DNA) of a **population

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2
Q

what does it mean fro a theory to be falsified

A

it is shown that it is not true through the use of empirical evidence

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3
Q

three different molecular evidences for evolution

A
  1. DNA
  2. RNA
  3. Proteins
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4
Q

hox genes

A

the genes that play a role in determining your bodily developpement. These geners are incredibly similar across different types of organisms and would be hard to explain without a common ascestor and evolution

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5
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

a visual diagram that shows which species are most similar and related by comparing the similarity of a single gene

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6
Q

selective breeding

A

choosing organisms to mate together based on whether they have desirable characteristics

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7
Q

artificial selection

A

the result of selective breeding where organisms noe have combinations of traits that were not previously seen and have been curated by humans

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8
Q

homologous
structures

A

structures that share a similar internat structure despite being use for idfferent purposes (divergent evolution)

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9
Q

pentadactyl limbs

A

an example of homologous structres that is front or hind legs/arms that do or did have 5 digits

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10
Q

analogous structures

A

body parts that cary out the same function in different organisms but are structured differently internally (convergent evolution)

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11
Q

convergent evolution

A

when two species evolve independently but develop similar features and adaptations that suit their environment and become mroe similar

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12
Q

speciation

A

the formation of a new species by the splitting of an existing species (can no longer interbreed)

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13
Q

reproductive isolation

A

when populations can no longer interbreed with one another preventing gene flow (can be geographic, behavioral or temporal)

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14
Q

geographic isolation

A

there is a natural or man made barrier seperating males and females preventing mating

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15
Q

sympatric speciation

A

speciation that occurs when mating does not occur despite contact (casued by temporal or behavioral isolation)

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16
Q

allopatric speciation

A

physical geographic barrier leads to a lack of contact and the development of distincts species

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17
Q

behavioral isolation

A

accurs when the mate attracting actions of one group are different to those of another group

18
Q

temporal isolation

A

organisms do not make due to them having different mating seasons or different times to release gametes

19
Q

adaptive radiation

A

similar but distinct species rapidly evolve into different niches from a single or small number of species (can be a result of allopatric speciation)

20
Q

what are the two things required for speciation to occurr

A
  1. reproductive isolation
  2. differential selection (different selection pressures)
21
Q

hybridisation

A

the fertilisation of the fametes from one species by the gametes of another species

22
Q

interspecific hybrids

A

organisms produced by cross breeding two different species to produce new varieties

23
Q

polyploidy

A

when species have three or more copies of each chromosome due to errors in meiosis or hybridisation

24
Q

autotetroploidy

A

the formation of a polyploid organism from members of the same species

25
allotetroploid
when a tetraploid organsism forms from the combining of gametes from two different species
26
abrupt speciation
when new species form withint a couple of generations as a result of tetrapoildy
27
biodiversity
the variety of living organisms and their interactions
28
species richness
a measure of the number of different species in an community
29
species evenness
a measure of how balanced an ecosystem is
30
gene pool
all the different alleles of a gene in a population
31
ecosystem diversity
the number of different biomes in an area or the number of mini ecosystems in a biome
32
species diversity
the number of unique species that exist within a community/habitat
33
genetic variation
the number of different alleles and gene combinations between members of the same species
34
five anthropogenic causes of speciation
climate change habitat loss invasive species pollution overharvesting
35
North Island Giant Moas (species)
extinct in New Zeland haooened 500-1,000 years ago overhunted by humans for food
36
carribean monk seals (species)
extinct in then carribean 50 - 100 years ago overhunted for oil for lamps
37
dipterocarp forests (ecosystem)
dramatic ecosystem loss of forest coverage ongoing issue caused by logging for timber, clerance or palm oil plantations
38
# meaning in situ conservation effort
the management of biodiversity in the natural ecosystem/habitat
39
# meaning ex situ conservation effort
helping species and biodiversity outside their natural habitat/ecosystem
40
# examples in situ conservation effort
1. active management to prevent human influence (nature parks/nature reserves) 2. rewilging (removing/returning species) 3. reclamation (replanting/reistablishment)
41
# example ex situ conservation effort
1. zoo breeding programs with artificial insemination 2. create habitats like botanic gardens 3. seed and tissue banks
42
what prioritises conservation efforts
EDGE use ICUN status and genetic uniqueness