Unit 16 (Biotechnology)

Question 1

what is the purpose of chemical treatments in DNA extraction?

Answer 1

Chemical treatments cause cells and nuclei to burst

Question 2

What is “spooling” of the DNA

Answer 2

when The DNA is inherently sticky, and is pulled out of the mixture after chemical treatment

Question 3

What is the purpose of Restriction Enzymes?

Answer 3

Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences

Question 4

Why are Restriction enzymes useful?

Answer 4

Useful to divide DNA into manageable fragments

Question 5

Electrophoresis separates DNA based on what?

Answer 5

size and charge

Question 6

The phosphate groups are _________ charged

Answer 6

negatively

Question 7

DNA is placed in ___ and electricity is run through

Answer 7

gel

Question 8

________ ___ is moved to the positive end

Answer 8

Negative DNA

Question 9

_______ _________ move farther and faster

Answer 9

Smaller fragments

Question 10

Purpose of dye molecules?

Answer 10

Dye molecules are large and stop the chain from growing

Question 11

What is PCR

Answer 11

A method of making many copies of a piece of DNA

Question 12

When did the Human Genome Project start?

Answer 12

1990

Question 13

What is the purpose of the Human Genome Project?

Answer 13

Research effort to sequence all of our DNA (46 chromosomes and map ever gene loci

Question 14

How many nucleotides are there?

Answer 14

Over 3.3 billion nucleotides

Question 15

Proteome

Answer 15

organism’s complete set of proteins

Question 16

Only __ of human genome codes for proteins (exons)

Answer 16

2%

Question 17

Other 98% (introns) are ___-______

Answer 17

non-coding

Question 18

what are transposons?

Answer 18

pieces of DNA that move to different locations on chromosomes

Question 19

What are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)?

Answer 19

places where humans differ by a single nucleotide

Question 20

how many SNP are there?

Answer 20

8 million

Question 21

transposons make up how much of the human genome?

Answer 21

one half

Question 22

cell differentiation

Answer 22

is the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type.

Question 23

Histones

Answer 23

are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA nucleosomes.

Question 24

nucleosomes

Answer 24

structural units of DNA

Question 25

oncogenes

Answer 25

a gene that in certain circumstances can transform a cell into a tumor cell.

Question 26

telomere

Answer 26

a compound structure at the end of a chromosome.

Question 27

Briggs and King

Answer 27

cloned Dolly the Sheep