Cells Flashcards
rough ER
a system of membranes that possesses ribosomes
connected to nuclear envelope-maze
make protein and cell membrane
Microfilaments
thinnest, made of protein, help cells change shape
Intermediate fibers
Varied,rope-like, tension bearing
nucleus
controls all functioning in the cell
contains hereditary info
contains nucleolus
ribosome
carries out protein synthesis and interprets RNA code
can be attatched to ER or float
cell wall
ONLY IN PLANT CELLS
Made from cellulose
provides protection
Smooth ER
- NO RIBOSOMES
- lipid synthesis
- detoxifies harmful substances
Golgi Apparatus
- center of “manufacturing, processing, and shipping.”
- modifies proteins are moved into their destinations
Lysosomes
Small organelle with enzymes to help with digestion
Important in phagocytosis
“debris removal”
Vacuoles
sacs for temporary storage
contactile vacuole
pumps out excess water in single cell aquatic organsims
central vacuole
found in plants for water storage
Mitochondria
- release energy from stored food (cellular respiration)
- ATP made here
- Energy released by the mitochondria is used for growth, -movements, and development
Centrioles
- ANIMAL CELLS ONLY
- made of microtubules and used in cell devision
Peroxisomes
- contains enzymes
- can generate and degrade H2O2 to protect a cell from toxic effects
cytoskeleton
- made up of microfilaments, intermediate fibers, microtubules
- extension of plasma membrane
- identical in structure to a centriole
cytoskeleton
made up of microfilaments, intermediate fibers, microtubules
extension of plasma membrane
identical in structure to a centriole
________ is before DNA coils and is usually long fibers of DNA
chromatin
What would happen to the volume of a cell if it couldn’t reproduce?
the volume would grow faster than the surface area
What would happen to the volume of a cell if it couldn’t reproduce?
the volume would grow faster than the surface area
Scanning Microscope (SEM)
- sample not cut
- can view live samples/3D images
Transmission
- sample needs to be cut very thin so electrons can go through it
- generally samples are not alive
Cell Junctions: Plant Cells
Plasmodesmata:
tiny gaps that allow things to enter and leave
Cell Junctions: Animal Cells
Tight Junctions
when you don’t want anything to pass
Cell Junctions: Animal Cells
Anchoring Junctions
acts as velcro
Cell Junctions: Animal Cells
Gap Junctions
when you want things to pass through
Enyzmes are ________
proteins
How do enzymes help with reactions?
they lower the activation energy required to start a reaction
Enzymes are made up of what?
substrate, active site, competitive inhibitor
what is a substrate?
substance that is acted upon by an enzyme
what is an active site?
where the substrate bonds and the reaction occures
competitive inhibitor
“fights” the substrate and “wins” and goes into the active site
Noncompetitive inhibitor
- goes in from the “other side” and changes the shape of the active site
- more permanent that a competitive inhibitor
allosteric site
place where the noncompetitive inhibitor goes
enzymes need what to work?
coenzyme or cofactor
enzymes need what to work?
coenzyme or cofactor
Cell Theory
1: All living things are made up of cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of life
3. All cells come from preexisting cells
Passive Transport goes from [ ] to [ ] concentration
high to low
Is ATP required in Passive Transport?
no
Examples of Passive Transport
diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
Examples of Active Transport
endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis
Active Transport goes from [ ] to [ ] concentration
low to high
Active Transport goes from [ ] to [ ] concentration
low to high
Definition of osmosis
diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
Hypertonic
- lower concentration of water outside of the cell
- water moves out of the cell –> cell will shrivel up
Hypotonic
- higher concentration of water inside the cell
- water movies into the cell–> cell will swell/burst
- if in a plant cell: plasmolysis
Isotonic
- water concentration is the same inside and outside
- no net movement of water
Simple diffusion
the tendency of molecules of any substance to spread out into space
Facilitated diffusion
- uses transport proteins
- requires no energy
- objects move from high to low
Active Transport: Endocytosis
cells take in material by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane
Exocytosis
cell secrete macromolecules for fusion of vesicles
Types of endocytosis:
Phagocytosis
engulfs solid
Types of endocytosis:
Receptor mediated
- highly specific
- receptor proteins on the cell membrane pick up particular molecules from surrounding
Types of endocytosis:
Receptor mediated
- highly specific
- receptor proteins on the cell membrane pick up particular molecules from surrounding
ADP stands for _______ __ _________
adenine di phosphate
ADP stands for _______ __ _________
adenine di phosphate
how does ATP work?
the phosphate in ATP holds energy from burning glucose
ADP grabs ______ and becomes ATP
energy
when you burn sugar you make ___
ATP
endergonic reaction
gains energy
exergonic reaction
loses energy
Glycoproteins
compound where a portein and carbohydrate are bonded together
Glycolipid
lipid attached to short carbohydrate chain
cellular respiration is an __________ reaction
endergonic
photsynthesis is an __________ reaction
exergonic reaction
