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Magnet Biology > Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Prokaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 2 prokaryotic domains

A
  1. Archaebacteria

2. Eubacteria

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2
Q

_____________ are found in harsh environments

A

Archaebacteria

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3
Q

Examples of harsh environments in which archaebacteria are found

A

Very saline places; hot place

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4
Q

What group is referred to as the true bacteria

A

Eubacteria

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5
Q

What cell structures are lacking in prokaryotes?

A

Organelles

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6
Q

Do bacteria have ribosomes like other types of cells?

A

Yes

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7
Q

Describe the genetic material of bacteria. Where is it found?

A

DNA; it floats in the cytoplasm

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8
Q

What surrounds the outside of all bacterial cells?

A

Capsule

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9
Q

Cell walls of true bacteria contain _____________

A

peptidoglycan

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10
Q

Beside the circular chromosome, where else can DNA be found inside a bacterial cell?

A

cytoplasm

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11
Q

What is the size of most bacterial cells?

A

1-10 um

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12
Q

most bacteria act as a _________

A

decomposer

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13
Q

How can some bacteria be harmful?

A

diseases

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14
Q

What does motile mean?

A

can move

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15
Q

Motile bacteria may have one or more _______ for movement

A

flagella

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16
Q

What are bacterial pili?

A

Hair-like appendages used for reproduction

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17
Q

What are pili used for?

A

gene transfer and sticking to surfaces

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18
Q

What is spiral shaped bacteria?

A

spirillum

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19
Q

What is rod shaped bacteria?

A

bacilli

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20
Q

what is round shaped bacteria?

A

cocci

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21
Q

How do the walls of archaebacteria differ from true bacteria?

A

do not contain peptidoglycan

22
Q

How do the cell membranes of archaebacteria differ from true bacteria?

A

archaebacteria cell membranes contain hydrocarbon instead of fatty acids

23
Q

do archaebacteria and eubacteria have the same ribosomes?

A

no

24
Q

Do archaebacteria require oxygen?

A

no

25
Q

Methanogens live in _______ environments. What is lacking in this environment?

A

reduced; oxygen

26
Q

How do methanogens get their energy?

A

methanogenesis

27
Q

What is methanogensis?

A

the process in which a methanogen uses carbon as an electron accepter to produce methane

28
Q

The _________ live in very salty environments

A

halophiles

29
Q

___________ live in extremely hot environments

A

Thermophiles

30
Q

Describe Gram staining

A

a method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups by use of stain

31
Q

Describe the cell wall of Gram positive bacteria

A

thick peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall

32
Q

What color is the cell wall of Gram positive bacteria stained?

A

crystal violet

33
Q

Describe the cell wall of Gram negative bacteria

A

thin peptidoglycan layer

34
Q

What color is the cell wall of Gram negative bacteria stained?

A

red or pink

35
Q

5 modes of nutrition in bacteria?

A

Autotrophs, Heterotrophs, Phototrophs, Chemotrophs, Lithotrophs

36
Q

How do autotrophs get their nutrition?

A

They obtain their nutrition from inorganic compounds. Autotrophs will use hydrogen sulfide, ammonia or hydrogen gas to reduce carbon into necessary sugars.

37
Q

How do heterotrophs get their nutrition?

A

organic sources of carbon such as sugars, fats and amino acids

38
Q

How do phototrophs get their nutrition?

A

Phototrophic bacteria absorb light energy, then utilize this in photosynthesis to create cellular energy

39
Q

How do chemootrophs get their nutrition?

A

These bacteria obtain chemical energy from their surroundings and convert it into ATP

40
Q

How do lithotrophs get their nutrition?

A

use reduced inorganic compounds as the electron donor (H-donor) in anaerobic or aerobic respiration.

41
Q

Explain obligate aerobes:

A

An obligate aerobe is an organism that requires oxygen to grow. Through cellular respiration, these organisms use oxygen to metabolise substances, like sugars or fats, to obtain energy.

42
Q

Explain obligate anaerobes:

A

Obligate anaerobes are microorganisms that are killed by normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen

43
Q

Explain facultative anaerobes:

A

A facultative anaerobe is an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent.

44
Q

How do bacteria reproduce asexually?

A

binary fission

45
Q

How do bacteria reproduce sexually?

A

genetic recombination

46
Q

How does conjugation work

A

Conjugation is the direct transfer of DNA from one bacterial cell to another bacterial cell. The transferred DNA is a plasmid, a circle of DNA that is distinct from the main bacterial chromosome. The F plasmid is similar to a virus or a transposon in its ability to move independently of the main chromosome. The transfer of the plasmid take advantage of the complementary nature of double stranded DNA. One strand of the plasmid is transferred and the other remains in the original cell. Both strands have the complementary stranded added so that each cell ends up with a complete plasmid.

47
Q

How do the new cells compare to each other after conjugation?

A

they are identical

48
Q

How long can an endospore survive?

A

millions of years

49
Q

Why are endospores such a problem in health care facilities and in the canning industry.

A

Dormant bacteria can suddenly become active after years of being inactive.

50
Q

What are Pathogens?

A

Bacteria that can cause disease

51
Q

what are toxins?

A

poisons

52
Q

Difference between endotoxin and exotoxin

A

Exotoxins are toxic substances secreted by bacteria and released outside the cell. Whereas Endotoxins are bacterial toxins consisting of lipids that are located within a cell.

Magnet Biology (29 decks)

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