Prokaryotes

Question 1

Name the 2 prokaryotic domains

Answer 1

1. Archaebacteria

2. Eubacteria

Question 2

_____________ are found in harsh environments

Answer 2

Archaebacteria

Question 3

Examples of harsh environments in which archaebacteria are found

Answer 3

Very saline places; hot place

Question 4

What group is referred to as the true bacteria

Answer 4

Eubacteria

Question 5

What cell structures are lacking in prokaryotes?

Answer 5

Organelles

Question 6

Do bacteria have ribosomes like other types of cells?

Answer 6

Yes

Question 7

Describe the genetic material of bacteria. Where is it found?

Answer 7

DNA; it floats in the cytoplasm

Question 8

What surrounds the outside of all bacterial cells?

Answer 8

Capsule

Question 9

Cell walls of true bacteria contain _____________

Answer 9

peptidoglycan

Question 10

Beside the circular chromosome, where else can DNA be found inside a bacterial cell?

Answer 10

cytoplasm

Question 11

What is the size of most bacterial cells?

Answer 11

1-10 um

Question 12

most bacteria act as a _________

Answer 12

decomposer

Question 13

How can some bacteria be harmful?

Answer 13

diseases

Question 14

What does motile mean?

Answer 14

can move

Question 15

Motile bacteria may have one or more _______ for movement

Answer 15

flagella

Question 16

What are bacterial pili?

Answer 16

Hair-like appendages used for reproduction

Question 17

What are pili used for?

Answer 17

gene transfer and sticking to surfaces

Question 18

What is spiral shaped bacteria?

Answer 18

spirillum

Question 19

What is rod shaped bacteria?

Answer 19

bacilli

Question 20

what is round shaped bacteria?

Answer 20

cocci

Question 21

How do the walls of archaebacteria differ from true bacteria?

Answer 21

do not contain peptidoglycan

Question 22

How do the cell membranes of archaebacteria differ from true bacteria?

Answer 22

archaebacteria cell membranes contain hydrocarbon instead of fatty acids

Question 23

do archaebacteria and eubacteria have the same ribosomes?

Answer 23

no

Question 24

Do archaebacteria require oxygen?

Answer 24

no

Question 25

Methanogens live in _______ environments. What is lacking in this environment?

Answer 25

reduced; oxygen

Question 26

How do methanogens get their energy?

Answer 26

methanogenesis

Question 27

What is methanogensis?

Answer 27

the process in which a methanogen uses carbon as an electron accepter to produce methane

Question 28

The _________ live in very salty environments

Answer 28

halophiles

Question 29

___________ live in extremely hot environments

Answer 29

Thermophiles

Question 30

Describe Gram staining

Answer 30

a method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups by use of stain

Question 31

Describe the cell wall of Gram positive bacteria

Answer 31

thick peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall

Question 32

What color is the cell wall of Gram positive bacteria stained?

Answer 32

crystal violet

Question 33

Describe the cell wall of Gram negative bacteria

Answer 33

thin peptidoglycan layer

Question 34

What color is the cell wall of Gram negative bacteria stained?

Answer 34

red or pink

Question 35

5 modes of nutrition in bacteria?

Answer 35

Autotrophs, Heterotrophs, Phototrophs, Chemotrophs, Lithotrophs

Question 36

How do autotrophs get their nutrition?

Answer 36

They obtain their nutrition from inorganic compounds. Autotrophs will use hydrogen sulfide, ammonia or hydrogen gas to reduce carbon into necessary sugars.

Question 37

How do heterotrophs get their nutrition?

Answer 37

organic sources of carbon such as sugars, fats and amino acids

Question 38

How do phototrophs get their nutrition?

Answer 38

Phototrophic bacteria absorb light energy, then utilize this in photosynthesis to create cellular energy

Question 39

How do chemootrophs get their nutrition?

Answer 39

These bacteria obtain chemical energy from their surroundings and convert it into ATP

Question 40

How do lithotrophs get their nutrition?

Answer 40

use reduced inorganic compounds as the electron donor (H-donor) in anaerobic or aerobic respiration.

Question 41

Explain obligate aerobes:

Answer 41

An obligate aerobe is an organism that requires oxygen to grow. Through cellular respiration, these organisms use oxygen to metabolise substances, like sugars or fats, to obtain energy.

Question 42

Explain obligate anaerobes:

Answer 42

Obligate anaerobes are microorganisms that are killed by normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen

Question 43

Explain facultative anaerobes:

Answer 43

A facultative anaerobe is an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent.

Question 44

How do bacteria reproduce asexually?

Answer 44

binary fission

Question 45

How do bacteria reproduce sexually?

Answer 45

genetic recombination

Question 46

How does conjugation work

Answer 46

Conjugation is the direct transfer of DNA from one bacterial cell to another bacterial cell. The transferred DNA is a plasmid, a circle of DNA that is distinct from the main bacterial chromosome. The F plasmid is similar to a virus or a transposon in its ability to move independently of the main chromosome. The transfer of the plasmid take advantage of the complementary nature of double stranded DNA. One strand of the plasmid is transferred and the other remains in the original cell. Both strands have the complementary stranded added so that each cell ends up with a complete plasmid.

Question 47

How do the new cells compare to each other after conjugation?

Answer 47

they are identical

Question 48

How long can an endospore survive?

Answer 48

millions of years

Question 49

Why are endospores such a problem in health care facilities and in the canning industry.

Answer 49

Dormant bacteria can suddenly become active after years of being inactive.

Question 50

What are Pathogens?

Answer 50

Bacteria that can cause disease

Question 51

what are toxins?

Answer 51

poisons

Question 52

Difference between endotoxin and exotoxin

Answer 52

Exotoxins are toxic substances secreted by bacteria and released outside the cell. Whereas Endotoxins are bacterial toxins consisting of lipids that are located within a cell.