Evolution

Question 1

Oparin and Haldane

Answer 1

suggested first organic molecules came from early atmospheric gases

Question 2

Miller and Urey

Answer 2

confirmed Oparin and Haldan’es theory

Question 3

dating of fossils: relative

Answer 3

layers of strata

Question 4

dating of fossils: absolute

Answer 4

radiometric dating

Question 5

Precrambrian era

Answer 5

90% of Earth’s history

Question 6

We are in which era?

Answer 6

Cenozoic era

Question 7

Spontaneous generation

Answer 7

life from nonllife

Question 8

Theory of biogensis

Answer 8

life from life

Question 9

Endosymbotic theory

Answer 9

prokaryotes engulfed other prokaryotes to form eukaryotes

Question 10

a population of organisms can change over generations if individuals having certain heritable traits leave more offspring than others

Answer 10

Natural Selection

Question 11

trait shaped by natural selection that increases an organism’s reproductive success

Answer 11

Adaptation

Question 12

change in the genetic composition of a population over time

Answer 12

Evolution

Question 13

Microevolution

Answer 13

pertains to evolutionary change within a population

Question 14

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Answer 14

population that is not changing genetically

Question 15

Assumptions under Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (there are 5)

Answer 15

1. population is large
2. mating is random
3. no migration
4. mutations can be ignored
5. Natural selection is not acting on the population

Question 16

Genetic drift

Answer 16

change in the gene pool of small population due to chance

Question 17

Gene flow

Answer 17

gain or loss of alleles due to immigration or emigration

Question 18

Non random mating

Answer 18

certain individuals are preferred by the opposite sex

Question 19

Types of genetic drift:

Bottleneck effect

Answer 19

a change in a populations allele frequencies due to a substantial reduction in a population size
ex-earthquake

Question 20

Types of genetic drift:

Founder effect

Answer 20

Colonization of a new location by a small number of individuals and the random change that occurs in a small colony
ex-amish

Question 21

Polymorphism: morph

Answer 21

2 or more contrasting phenotypic alleles for a trait

ex: king snake; blood type

Question 22

Polymorphism: cline

Answer 22

graded change in inherited traits in geographic continuum

Question 23

Heterozygote advantage

Answer 23

promotes variability and larger gene pool

Question 24

Endangered species

Answer 24

generally, low variability

Question 25

Neutral variability

Answer 25

No apparent selective advantage for reproductive success; not subject to natural selection

Question 26

Types of natural selection: stabilizing-

Answer 26

favors intermediate variants

Question 27

Types of natural selection: directional-

Answer 27

shifts the phenotype frequency in one direction or another. Acts as one phenotypic extreme. Common during environmental change Ex-peppered moths

Question 28

Types of natural selection: diversifying-

Answer 28

favors both extremes over intermediates

Question 29

speciation

Answer 29

change of a species over time into another

Question 30

macroevolution

Answer 30

evolutionary change at or above the level of species

Question 31

Prezygotic isolating mchanisms

Answer 31

prevent reproductive techniques

Question 32

Habitat isolation

Answer 32

one on land, other on water

Question 33

Behavioral isolation

Answer 33

different mating songs

Question 34

Mechanical isolation

Answer 34

sex organs are incompatible

Question 35

temporal isolation

Answer 35

species reproduce during different seasons or times of day

Question 36

Postzygotic

Answer 36

fertilization has occurred but hybrid offspring can't reproduce

Question 37

Divergent evolution

Answer 37

formation of a new species from new habitat

Question 38

Convergant evolution

Answer 38

2 unrelated species in similar niches but geographically far apart, having similar adaptations

Question 39

Homologous structure

Answer 39

our arm vs bat arm

Question 40

Analogous structure

Answer 40

bee vs bird wing

Question 41

Coevolution

Answer 41

Mutualistic relationship between 2 species | ex-flower and pollinator

Question 42

Rate of speciation

Answer 42

most evolution proceeds slowly but sometimes a dramatic event occurs

Question 43

gradualism

Answer 43

slow change

Question 44

punctuated equilibrium

Answer 44

dramatic event that causes change