Unit 12

Question 1

This type of molecule that makes up DNA and RNA; contains sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.

Answer 1

Nucleotide

Question 2

The two scientists who discovered the structure and shape of DNA.

Answer 2

Crick and Watson

Question 3

A single strand of DNA tightly coiled around special proteins

Answer 3

Chromosome

Question 4

The order of nucleotides that determines which protein is made

Answer 4

Nucleotide sequence

Question 5

A section of DNA that carries the information on how to make one protein.

Answer 5

Gene

Question 6

Information is transferred from DNA to RNA to proteins, but once the information is in the form of protein, the transfer cannot be reversed.

Answer 6

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

Question 7

The process of copying a strand of DNA

Answer 7

DNA replication

Question 8

A single strand of nucleotides; different types are used to translate instructions from DNA into making proteins

Answer 8

RNA

Question 9

The process occurring in the nucleus of a cell that copies the instructions from a part of DNA onto a strand of messenger RNA

Answer 9

Transcription

Question 10

A type of RNA that transfers the code from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Answer 10

Messenger RNA

Question 11

A sequence of three nucleotide bases that represents the code for one amino acid

Answer 11

Codon

Question 12

The process occurring in the cytoplasm of a cell that builds proteins

Answer 12

Translation

Question 13

A type of RNA that “reads” the codons from messenger RNA

Answer 13

Ribosomal RNA

Question 14

A type of RNA that carries an amino acid and transfers it to the protein chain being assembled in the ribosome

Answer 14

Transfer RNA

Question 15

A sequence of three nucleotide bases that indicates the end of protein synthesis

Answer 15

Stop codon

Question 16

Mistakes made in the DNA

Answer 16

Mutations

Question 17

A mutation that changes one gene

Answer 17

Gene mutation

Question 18

A type of gene mutation that occurs if a nucleotide is added deleted or changed in a nucleotide sequence; may result in one or more wrong amino acids being added to a protein

Answer 18

Point mutation

Question 19

A gene mutation that occurs when a single nucleotide is added or deleted and causes a shift in how the codons are read; may result in one or more wrong amino acids being added

Answer 19

Frameshift mutation

Question 20

A mutation caused when or part of a chromosome is reattached is duplicated deleted or attached incorrectly

Answer 20

Chromosomal mutation

Question 21

A chromosomal mutation that occurs if a broken piece of a chromosome is reattached backwards

Answer 21

Inversion

Question 22

External things that can change DNA, such as radiation or chemicals

Answer 22

Mutagen

Question 23

A mutagen that is directly involved in causing cancer

Answer 23

Carcinogen

Question 24

The term used when a chromosome doesn’t separate correctly during meiosis; may result in a chromosomal mutation in offspring

Answer 24

Nondisjunction

Question 25

A long molecule in the shape of a double helix and made up of nucleotides; contains genetic “instructions”

Answer 25

DNA