9 Flashcards
The process that somatic cells go trough in order to grow and reproduce
Cell cycle
The longest part of a cell cycle when the cell grows and develops, replicates its DNA, and makes proteins and RNA to prepare for cell division
Interphase
The part of the cell cycle when the nucleus divides
Mitosis
All the cells in the body except the sex cells (gametes); the cells that make up tissues and organs
Somatic cells
The first stage of mitosis when chromatin condenses and can be seen
Prophase
The second stage of mitosis when the chromatids line up along the midline of the nucleus
Metaphase
The the third stage of mitosis when the centromeres divide and the sister chromatids separate
Anaphase
The last stage of mitosis when new nuclear membranes are formed around each set
Of chromosomes
Telophase
The last part of the cell cycle when the entire cell divides
Cytokinesis
To make an exact copy of; for example, chromosomes replicate in the nucleus before a cell divides
Replicate
A structure that holds sister chromatids (pairs of replicated chromosomes) together
Centromere
The threadlike material made of DNA and proteins found in chromosomes (or will condense to form chromosomes)
Chromatin
Also’s except sex cells; for example: blood cells, liver cells, skin cells
Somatic cells
The cells other than somatic cells that are formed through a process called meiosis
Sex cells (or gametes)
The process that forms the six cells called gametes (ova and sperm cells)
Meiosis
Sex cells produced through the process of meiosis hat contains half the number of chromosomes for that organism; have a n number of chromosomes
Haploid cells
Somatic cells produced through the process of mitosis that contain the full number of chromosomes for that organism; have a 2n number of chromosomes
Diploid cells
The two chromosomes that make up each pair of human somatic cells (23 pairs for a total of 46 chromosomes in humans)
Homologous chromosomes (or homologues)
The pair of chromosomes that determines gender (male or female)
Sex chromosomes
The pairs of chromosomes that do not include the one pair of sex chromosomes and that do not determine gender
Autosomes
Homologous chromosomes paired together side by side during meiosis
Tetrad
The exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes during meiosis
Crossing over
Sperm cells (or gametes)
Spermatozoa
Egg cells (or female gametes)
Ova
The production of sperm cells
Spermatogenesis
The production of ova (or eggs)
Oogenesis
The cells produced during oogenesis that do not form a mature egg cell
Polar bodies
Type of reproduction that occurs when only one patent organism reproduces itself to form a genetically identical offspring
Asexual reproduction
A type of asexual reproduction that occurs when a single celled organism reproduces itself by replicating its DNA and then dividing
Binary fission
A type of asexual reproduction that occurs when a group of cells grows on a parent organism and eventually detaches to become a separate organism
Budding
A type of asexual reproduction that occurs when a new plant grows from a part of the parent plant
Vegetative propagation
The regrouping of a missing body part
Regeneration
A type of asexual reproduction in which a small or broken piece from an organism develops into a new adult organism
Fragmentation
A type of asexual reproduction in which an organism creates either haploid or diploid spores, either of which can grow into an adult organism under favorable conditions
Spore formation
A type of asexual reproduction sometimes seen in more complex organisms, such as certain insects, in which an unfertilized egg develops into an adult
Parthenogenesis
Type of reproduction that usually requires two parents to produce offspring that are not genetically identical to either parent
Sexual reproduction
The Union of a male and a female gamete during sexual reproduction
Fertilization
In plants, the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive organ to the female reproductive organ
Pollination
A primitive type of sexual reproduction in which two parent organisms, usually bacteria, exchange genetic material
Conjugation
A process or reproduction in which one generation is produced by an asexual stage and the next generation is produced by a sexual stage
Alternation of generations
