Unit 10.2 Flashcards
What is the order and events of the stages of mitosis?
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis
How does the cell look in the prophase stage of mitosis?
This is where the chromosomes start to condense and the spindle fibers begin to form. The nucleus also starts to break down.
How does the cell look in the metaphase stage of mitosis?
The chromosomes all line up in the middle and they are attracted to the spindle threads.
How does the cell look in the anaphase stage of mitosis?
Sister chromatids detact and they travel up the spindle fibers and make there way to the opposite end of the cell.
How does the cell look in the telophase stage of mitosis?
The chromatatids reach the opposite side of the cell and two seperate nuclear membranes begin to reform. The chromosomes also start to decondense.
How does the cell look in the cytokinesis stage of mitosis?
This is where the cell membrane is pinched to the point where it severs in half and forms two separate cells.
What is the definition and an example of multipotent stem cells?
They can becomes a few different types of cells. They replace existing cells in your body that die. These can include hematopoietic stem cells.
What is the definition and an example of pluripotent stem cells?
These cells can be grown into any kind of tissue in the body. These can include embryonic stem cells.
What is the definition and an example of induced pluripotent stem cells?
These are regular cells that scientists have changed to become a pluripotent cell, which can then become any kind of cell. An example of this is skin or blood cells.
What causes specialized cells to be different from one another?
They need to make different amounts or types of proteins. Protein production is based off gene expression.
Compare the parent cell to the daughter cell after mitosis
Daughter cells should be an exact replica of the parent cell after mitosis. If not that is based off a DNA mutation.
Explain how all of your body cells have the same genetic code but different functions
This is because they use different sets of genes, which ends up having different production levels of different proteins, which then determines their specific roles in the area they will be in. For example skin cell genes are transcribed at moderate levels while liver cell genes are transcribed at high levels.
Explain the role of transcription factors in cell differentiation
These factors can turn on at different times during cell differentiation. They can act on gene expression and change the cell in different ways. This then affects the next generation of cells. In subsequent generations it is the combination of different transcription factors that can ultimately determine cell type.
