Unit 1-Macromolecules&Chemical Structures

Question 1

Macromolecules

Answer 1

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Lipids

Question 2

What are biomolecules for?

Answer 2

structure, information(DNA), signals, energy, storage, “machines”

Question 3

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 3

two molecules are formed due to the removal of water

a hydroxyl is removed from one molecule and a hydrogen is removed from the other

Question 4

Hydrolosis Reactions

Answer 4

water is added to a molecule to separate polymers into monomers

breaks apart

Question 5

Carbohydrates

Answer 5

broken down to glucose to provide energy

Alpha and Beta DGlucose

humans use alpha dglucose, beta is for cellulose

Glu+Glu=Lactose
Glu+Fru=Sucrose
Glu+Glu=Maltose

Question 6

Proteins

Answer 6

amino acid stuck together

peptide bonds between amino acids

R-groups makes each individual protein different (proteins are dictated by R-Group)

Question 7

Primary Structure of Proteins

Answer 7

linear list of amino acids

Question 8

Secondary Structure of Proteins

Answer 8

when the R-group interacts with each other and turn into a coil

either an alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

Question 9

Tertiary Structure of Proteins

Answer 9

formed when the secondary structure is twisted and folded

held together by hydrogen bonds

proteins need to get to this structure in order to be functioning

Question 10

Quaternary Structure of Proteins

Answer 10

the structure comes together (multiple proteins)

it is a functioning protein

hemoglobin works best in this structure

Question 11

Chaperones

Answer 11

proteins that need to be in a special environment as they are forming so they can make the correct structure

they make sure that the protein behaves and folds correctly

given ATP in order to work

Question 12

DNA

Answer 12

double stranded helix

antiparallel bc they run in different directions

hydrogen bonds hold the two strands together

its nitrogenous base makes it different than RNA

Question 13

Purein vs. Pyramidines

Answer 13

Purein:
2 cyclic components
A and G

Pyramides:
3 cyclic components
C, T, U

Question 14

DNA/RNA Pairs

Answer 14

DNA
A-T and G-C

RNA
A-U and G-C

Question 15

Nucleotides

Answer 15

building blocks of nucleic acids

serve as energy storage molecule

ex: ATP
NADH
NADPH
FADH

Question 16

Saturated Fats

Answer 16

solid at room temp

found in animal fats, lard, and dairy

every carbon has a hydrogen (no carbon double bonds)

Question 17

Unsaturated Fats

Answer 17

liquid at room temp

veggie oil, nuts, seeds

missing hydrogen (carbon double bonds present)

Question 18

Polysaturates

Answer 18

need to be fluid to maintain fluidity in the membrane (cannot be a liquid or a solid)

Question 19

Structural Isomers

Answer 19

same formula but different structures

ex: glucose and fructose

Question 20

Stereoisomers

Answer 20

same structural formula, different arrangement of atoms,functional group mirrored

Question 21

Enantiomers

Answer 21

stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of asymmetric carbons

Question 22

Chiral Molecules-Sugars

Answer 22

Dsugars and Lsugars

when shining a polarized light through D, it will tilt to the right and L will tilt to the left

humans only make and use Dsugars

Question 23

Chiral Molecules-Amino Acids

Answer 23

humans only make L amino acids