EXAM 1-UNIT 1 Flashcards
Scientific Method
observational studies
Deductive Reasoning
using generalizations to predict something specific
ex:All men are dumb. My friend Harry is a man therefore he is dumb.
Inductive Reasoning
making generalizations or generating theories from specific observations
ex:if you keep pulling out pennies from a bag of coins you make the observation that the bag is full of pennies
Atoms
the smallest unit of particles
Elements
the simplest form of matter each with distinct chemical and physical properties
What elements are most abundant in life?
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
Shells
outer shell represents the electrons with energy level
outer shell dictates chemical nature of elements
Orbitals
represent the probability of electron movement
it is a space filling model
Quanta
a system to show how much energy a particle can take by looking at the outer electron shell
ranges from K,L,M,N. K being the highest and N being the lowest
Compounds
atoms joined by bonds and behaves as a single unit
Ionic Bonds
the attraction btw a + charged ion and a - charged ion (donation of electrons)
very strong attraction
Covalent Bonds
shared electrons because they arent strong enough to completely take electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
share electrons equally and very stable
ex: H : H
Polar Covalent Bonds
share electrons assymetrically
ex: H2O bc oxygen is electronegative and desires more electrons than hydrogen
Hydrogen Bonds
very weak
it is an attraction between a dell - and a dell + ions
it is a covalently bonded hydrogen atom to electronegative atom (water)
Hydrophobic Attractions
a form of hydrogen bonds
it is nonpolar molecules bonding because they cannot form hydrogen bonds due to being hydrophobic
ex: phospholipid bilayer
Electronegativity
tendency to draw in electrons
Properties of Water
Cohesion
Adhesion
High Specific Heat
Colligative Properties
Cohesion
water molecules attracted to other water molecules
ex: Surface Tension
Adhesion
water is attracted to polar compounds
ex: Capillary Action (water-glass)
High Specific Heat
how much energy is needed to raise the temperature of a substance
ex: during the summer, beach is warm because water is cool and releasing warm air
Colligative Properties
freezing point is at 0 degrees celsius and ice is less dense than liquid water
boiling point is at 100 degrees celsius
Auto-Ionizaiton
when water automatically dissociates
ex: when two water molecules dissociates into a hydronium and a hydroxyl
pH
the negative log of hydrogen ion concentration
Range of pH
0-14
7 being neutral
<7 is acidic
>7 is basic
Neutral Solution
it is the same concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxyls
Basic Solution
accepts protons which lowers hydrogen ion concentration meaning there is less hydrogen ions than hydroxyls
Acidic Solution
donates protons which increases hydrogen ion concentration meaning there is more hydrogen ions than hydroxyls
Buffers
resist change in pH
they contain a weak acid with their conjugate weak base or they contain a weak base with their conjugate weak acid
Le Chatleirs Principle of Equilibrium
it states that if temperature, pressure, volume or concentration of a system will result in very little changes in the system
pKa
when half is a weak acid and it is ionized and the other half is a constant for its unique acid buffer
basic constant= 6.4
Isomers
orientation of functional groups (where it is located)
Stereoisomers (enantiomers)
it is how they are orientated (the mirror image)
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
Carbohydrates
monomers of sugars
primary energy source
Glycosidic Bonds
Cellulose
most abundant and most stable macromolecule because only bacteria can break it down
Dehydration Reactions
removing water to make a bond
Hydrolysis Reaction
add water to break down reaction
Proteins
composed of amino acids
Peptide Bonds
20 diff amino acids and their function is determined by R-group
Structure of Proteins
composed of an amino group, an acid group, and an R-group
Function of Proteins in Cells
Enzyme Proteins Immune Functions Transport Support Movement Regulation Storage
Primary Protein Structure
linear list of amino acids
Secondary Protein Structure
occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds
either form an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
Tertiary Protein Structure
occurs when attractions are present between alpha helix and beta pleated sheets
Quaternary Protein Structure
protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain
Nucleic Acids
made of nucleotides
monomer of DNA or RNA
DNA
double stranded helix strand
anti parallel
holded together by nitrogen bases (A-T & C-G)
RNA
single stranded
holded together by nitrogen bases (A-U & C-G)
Lipids
made up of fatty acids, triglycerides and fats
Saturated Fatty Acids
no carbon double bonds
solid and room temp
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
carbon double bond
liquid at room temp
