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BIO > EXAM 1-UNIT 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1-UNIT 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Scientific Method

A

observational studies

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2
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

using generalizations to predict something specific

ex:All men are dumb. My friend Harry is a man therefore he is dumb.

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3
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

making generalizations or generating theories from specific observations

ex:if you keep pulling out pennies from a bag of coins you make the observation that the bag is full of pennies

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4
Q

Atoms

A

the smallest unit of particles

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5
Q

Elements

A

the simplest form of matter each with distinct chemical and physical properties

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6
Q

What elements are most abundant in life?

A

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

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7
Q

Shells

A

outer shell represents the electrons with energy level

outer shell dictates chemical nature of elements

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8
Q

Orbitals

A

represent the probability of electron movement

it is a space filling model

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9
Q

Quanta

A

a system to show how much energy a particle can take by looking at the outer electron shell

ranges from K,L,M,N. K being the highest and N being the lowest

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10
Q

Compounds

A

atoms joined by bonds and behaves as a single unit

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11
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

the attraction btw a + charged ion and a - charged ion (donation of electrons)

very strong attraction

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12
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

shared electrons because they arent strong enough to completely take electrons

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13
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

A

share electrons equally and very stable

ex: H : H

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14
Q

Polar Covalent Bonds

A

share electrons assymetrically

ex: H2O bc oxygen is electronegative and desires more electrons than hydrogen

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15
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

very weak

it is an attraction between a dell - and a dell + ions

it is a covalently bonded hydrogen atom to electronegative atom (water)

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16
Q

Hydrophobic Attractions

A

a form of hydrogen bonds

it is nonpolar molecules bonding because they cannot form hydrogen bonds due to being hydrophobic

ex: phospholipid bilayer

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17
Q

Electronegativity

A

tendency to draw in electrons

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18
Q

Properties of Water

A

Cohesion
Adhesion
High Specific Heat
Colligative Properties

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19
Q

Cohesion

A

water molecules attracted to other water molecules

ex: Surface Tension

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20
Q

Adhesion

A

water is attracted to polar compounds

ex: Capillary Action (water-glass)

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21
Q

High Specific Heat

A

how much energy is needed to raise the temperature of a substance

ex: during the summer, beach is warm because water is cool and releasing warm air

22
Q

Colligative Properties

A

freezing point is at 0 degrees celsius and ice is less dense than liquid water

boiling point is at 100 degrees celsius

23
Q

Auto-Ionizaiton

A

when water automatically dissociates

ex: when two water molecules dissociates into a hydronium and a hydroxyl

24
Q

pH

A

the negative log of hydrogen ion concentration

25
Q

Range of pH

A

0-14
7 being neutral
<7 is acidic
>7 is basic

26
Q

Neutral Solution

A

it is the same concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxyls

27
Q

Basic Solution

A

accepts protons which lowers hydrogen ion concentration meaning there is less hydrogen ions than hydroxyls

28
Q

Acidic Solution

A

donates protons which increases hydrogen ion concentration meaning there is more hydrogen ions than hydroxyls

29
Q

Buffers

A

resist change in pH

they contain a weak acid with their conjugate weak base or they contain a weak base with their conjugate weak acid

30
Q

Le Chatleirs Principle of Equilibrium

A

it states that if temperature, pressure, volume or concentration of a system will result in very little changes in the system

31
Q

pKa

A

when half is a weak acid and it is ionized and the other half is a constant for its unique acid buffer

basic constant= 6.4

32
Q

Isomers

A

orientation of functional groups (where it is located)

33
Q

Stereoisomers (enantiomers)

A

it is how they are orientated (the mirror image)

34
Q

Macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Lipids

35
Q

Carbohydrates

A

monomers of sugars
primary energy source
Glycosidic Bonds

36
Q

Cellulose

A

most abundant and most stable macromolecule because only bacteria can break it down

37
Q

Dehydration Reactions

A

removing water to make a bond

38
Q

Hydrolysis Reaction

A

add water to break down reaction

39
Q

Proteins

A

composed of amino acids
Peptide Bonds
20 diff amino acids and their function is determined by R-group

40
Q

Structure of Proteins

A

composed of an amino group, an acid group, and an R-group

41
Q

Function of Proteins in Cells

A 
Enzyme Proteins 
Immune Functions 
Transport 
Support 
Movement 
Regulation 
Storage
42
Q

Primary Protein Structure

A

linear list of amino acids

43
Q

Secondary Protein Structure

A

occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds

either form an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

44
Q

Tertiary Protein Structure

A

occurs when attractions are present between alpha helix and beta pleated sheets

45
Q

Quaternary Protein Structure

A

protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain

46
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

made of nucleotides

monomer of DNA or RNA

47
Q

DNA

A

double stranded helix strand
anti parallel
holded together by nitrogen bases (A-T & C-G)

48
Q

RNA

A

single stranded

holded together by nitrogen bases (A-U & C-G)

49
Q

Lipids

A

made up of fatty acids, triglycerides and fats

50
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids

A

no carbon double bonds

solid and room temp

51
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A

carbon double bond

liquid at room temp

BIO (13 decks)

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