EXAM 1-UNIT 2 Flashcards
Cell Theory
organisms composed of cells
cells are basic unit and cannot be subdivided
Robert Hooke
in 1665 looked at plants (onions) and it was the first recognition of cells
Anton Leeuwenhoek
in 1673 looked at pond water and he discovered animalcules
Surface Area to Volume Ratio
nose yet
Prokaryotes
Eubacteria and Archeal bacteria
dont have nucleus
refered to as a simple organism but isnt bc a cellular organism is much more simpler
Eukaryotes
have true nucleus
have organells for certain functions
Bacterial Organelles
cell wall capsule ribosomes flagella cytoskeleton nucleoid cytoplasm
What organelles do animal and plant cells have in common?
Ribosomes Plasma Membrane Mitochondria Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Sacks Nucleus
Nucleus
function: contains DNA and regulates activity of the cell
contains…
nuclear envelope
nuclear membrane
nuclear pores
nucleolus
chromatin
Cytoplasm
has aqueous interior (cytosol liquid)
it is where the organelles float around
Mitochondria
has a bilayer and two membranes
the matrix is the inner membrane liquid
has its own DNA
function: generates ATP(energy)
Chloroplast
two bilayer membrane
the stroma is the inner membrane liquid
has its own DNA
function: to conduct photosynthesis and to carry out functions like fatty acid and protein synthesis
Endosymbiosis
the fusion of 2 prokaryotes and evolution made it cell into a eukaryote
ex: Mitochondria and Chloroplast because it has two membranes and own circular DNA
Vacuoles
holds pressure
used for water regulation and storage
Rough ER
protein synthesis
Smooth ER
lipid and carb synthesis (liver has alot of smooth ER)
Golgi Body
helps process and package lipids and proteins and export them out the cell
Lysosomes
protein degradation
getting rid of cellular waste
hold digestive enzymes until lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles
Peroxisomes
very oxidative and help protect cells from oxidative environment
Ribosomes
protein synthesis
composed of rRNA
have a large and small subunit (they take the message, read it, and make protein then they detach)
Cytoskeleton
it contains actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments
function:movement and provides pathways/structures for transport
Flagellum
microtubule arrangement used for movement attached to the end of the cell
Cell Wall Barriers
semi permeable - gets waste out and lets certain things in
selective - chooses what gets in
gated/regulated
site for integral and peripheral proteins
Fluid Mosaic Model
phospholipid bilayer
Integral Membrane Proteins
intergrins anchor due to hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
anchors for cytoskeleton to pull things into cell
Junctions
cell to cell adhesion and communication of cells
has desmosomes and they are critical for when cells attach to other cells
Peripheral Proteins
associated with membrane and not embedded into the membrane usually attached to integral proteins
Rate of Diffusion
molecules moving through a high concentration to a low concentration of solutes
Osmosis
diffusion of water through a semi permeable membrane
it is passive transport (no energy)
Hypertonic Solution
shrinked cell because water is leaving the cell due to the high concentration of solutes outside the cell
Hypotonic Solution
swollen cell because water is entering the cell due to the high concentration of solutes inside the cell
Isotonic Solution
equal amount of water entering and leaving the cell
Channel Proteins
provide hydrophilic pores through hydrophobic barrier
passive and reversible (no energy)
ex: inside the cell alot of K and very little Na is present if channel opens then the Na naturally will go inside the cell
Carrier/Transport Proteins
substrate binds to proteins
passive and reversible (no energy)
mediators for facilitate diffusion
Active Transport
energy to move solute against concentration gradient (direct use of ATP)
Uniporter
type of active transport
it is a glucose transporter
transports a single type of molecule by adding energy to pump proton out of the cell
Coupled Transport
antiporter (ex: Sodium Pottasium Pump)
symporter ex: Sodium and a coupled glucose transporter) they go in the same direction
Phagocytosis
food vacuole / brings food into the cell
Pinocytosis
liquid vacuole / brings waste into the cell
Exocytosis
allows things to exit the cell
