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Social Psych 3310 > Unit 1 (Ch1-4) Textbook > Flashcards

Unit 1 (Ch1-4) Textbook Flashcards

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1
Q

Social Psychology (definition)

A

the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another

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2
Q

Social Psych vs. Personality Psych

A

Personality more about individual differences, social psych more about people in general

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3
Q

How does social psych explain how people were influenced to do immoral acts?

A

Milgram’s experiment; people listen to orders and become cruel.

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4
Q

When $2mil was scattered around, what happened?

A

1.9mil gone. only some stopped to help (way less than we think)

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5
Q

we are ________ organisms

A

bio-psycho-social

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6
Q

Argument against ‘social psych is common sense’

A

Hindsight bias (we don’t expect correctly what will happen before it happens.) We more likely rate results as ‘not surprising’. see “i knew it all along” phenomenon

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7
Q

Consequences of “I knew it all along” phenomena in relation to policymakers

A

example: It’s hard for us to praise policymakers. good and bad decisions are both “obvious”.

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8
Q

Theory

A

an integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events.

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9
Q

Framing

A

The way we word questions or issues. Can influence how others respond. (opting in and out, nudging, etc.)

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10
Q

mundane realism vs. experimental realism

A

mundane: how much an experiment mimics everyday life
experimental: degree to which environment absorbs and involves participants

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11
Q

Spotlight effect

A

The belief that others are paying more attention to us than they really are. (eg. 40% thought others would notice AE logo, only 10% did)

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12
Q

Illusion of transparency

A

Illusion where our concealed emotions leak out and can be noticed by others (we’re more opaque than we think)

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12
Q

T/F: what we agonize over, others easily forget

A

T

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13
Q

How do social surroundings affect our self-awareness?

A

We are more aware of ourselves when we’re the only 1 of a group

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14
Q

How did breakups among college students change sense of self?

A

They became less sure of who they were (changed self-perceptions)

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15
Q

Self-concept

A

What we know and believe about ourselves

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16
Q

What brain activity underlies our sense of being oneself?

A

Right hemisphere (failure in this part might make you not aware of own limbs)

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17
Q

self-schemas

A

mental templates; beliefs about self that organize and guide processing of self-relevant info. self-schemas make self-concepts. we welcome info that fit our schemas

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18
Q

Social comparisons

A

evaluating our opinions by comparing ourselves to others

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19
Q

Money doesn’t give happiness, but what’s true about money and happiness related to social comparisons?

A

Having more money than people around you can bring more happiness (1998)

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20
Q

Schadenfreude

A

Taking pleasure in someone’s failures (someone who we envy. and whose failures don’t make us feel vulnerable)

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21
Q

Why might people on social media feel pretty depressed?

A

Biased social comparison

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22
Q

When do we “compare upward”? Meaning we attribute others being successful to their situations

A

When others are doing better than we are.

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23
Q

Looking-glass self

A

How we think others perceive us is a mirror to perceiving ourselves

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24
Q

Saying what to influence identity of children is more useful in reinforcing helping behavior than praising them for “helping”?

A

… “being a helper”

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25
Q

How do cultures differ in filling out “I am _____”?

A

Individualist countries tend to say more personal traits, collectivist identifies more social identity.

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26
Q

How are cultures changing with regards to collectivism/individualism?

A

Both seem to be becoming more individualistic

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27
Q

How do people of different cultures think differently? (cognition)

A

Animated underwater scene study:
Japanese recalled more background features. Spoke more of relationships.
Americans looked more at focal object and less at surroundings.

Overall: More holistic thinking in East Asia.

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28
Q

What do facebook profile pictures show about differences between cultures?

A

More background in Taiwanese vs. US students

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29
Q

What about brain activation when thinking of mothers?

A

Chinese thinking of mothers activated brain region associated with self. An area that only lights up for Westerners when thinking of self.

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30
Q

How does persistence differ between cultures?

A

Japanese: persist more when failing.
Individualistic: persist more when succeeding

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31
Q

How does source of positive emotion differ between cultures?

A

Happier when positive social engagement (collectivist) vs. happier when feeling superior and effective

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32
Q

How do Easterners change when introduced to Western idea of self-concept?

A

They become more individualistic. Higher self-esteem.

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33
Q

How good are we at predicting our future behavior?

A

Not good. 1) movie watching prediction 2) our relationship’s future 3) performance on exams 4) $$ we will spend

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34
Q

How can we make better self-predictions?

A

Look at how long tasks took in the past. Predict each step rather than whole.

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35
Q

Affective Forecasting

A

Prediction of intensity and duration of future emotions. eg. hunger, sadness, happiness

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36
Q

Are we more prone to reacting more extreme to positive/negative events?

A

negative. (prospect theory???)

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37
Q

What’s correlation between predicted feelings and actual feelings?

A

.28

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38
Q

In dual attitude system, is it implicit attitudes or explicit attitudes that change easier?

A

explicit attitudes change easier. implicit are like old habits.

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39
Q

Implications of limits in self-knowledge

A

Self-reports are untrustworthy.
Personal testimonies are persuasive, but can be wrong.

40
Q

“bottom-up” view vs. “top-down” view of self-esteem

A

bottom-up: we are good at something and that causes us to have high self-esteem.
top-down: we have high self-esteem so perceive ourself as good at something

41
Q

Sense of self-worth contingent on external sources has what consequences compared to internal sources?

A

More stress, anger, relationship problems, drug and alcohol use, eating disorders

42
Q

Tradeoff between low and high self-esteem

A

Low: more depression prone, poverty, abuse, etc. (underlying disease: tough childhood).
High: self-fulfilling prophecy to achieve more. but gang leaders, terrorists, violent people tend to have more self-esteem. not very likable.

43
Q

What makes low self-esteem people feel worse after negative experience?

A

Positive phrases like “at least you learned something”
Understanding phrases are preferred! “that sucks.”

44
Q

How does self-esteem relate to academic achievement?

A

Not a good predictor. Asian-Americans are lowest in self-esteem but best academically.

45
Q

Narcissism (book definition) and vs. Self-esteem

A

An inflated sense of self.
Better and smarter (n) vs. worthy and good (self-est)
care for self only (n) vs. care for others and self (self-est)

46
Q

What about parents predicted children’s narcissism?

A

If parents believe their children deserved special treatment.

47
Q

Do narcissists believe they’re narcissists?

A

Mostly yeah. They know.

48
Q

What feedback is better than self-esteem feedback (eg. you’re smart)

A

Self-efficacy feedback (eg. you tried really hard). Maybe because people who praised for being smart scared to try again to be proven wrong.

49
Q

Does self-handicapping work? (produce good results)

A

No.

50
Q

Why do people self-handicap?

A

To have external excuses for future failures.

51
Q

What are the 2 parts of self-presentation?

A

Our wanting to present a desired image both to outside (external audience) and ourselves (internal audience)

52
Q

Problems with humblebragging

A

Fails to be humble and fails to impress others.

53
Q

Implications of people who are high in self-monitoring

A

They hold less to their own attitudes and express attitudes that they don’t hold. They get more likes tho.

54
Q

False modesty phenoomenon

A

We display lower self-esteem than we feel (to be modest and make good impression)

55
Q

Embodied Cognition (textbook)

A

Mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and social judgements (eg. cold person –> judge room colder)

56
Q

Automatic vs. Controlled thinking

A

implicit vs. explicit. system 1 vs. system 2

57
Q

______ feeds overconfidence

A

incompetence

58
Q

Remedies for overconfidence bias (2)

A

1) prompt feedback
2) think of 1 reason why judgement might be wrong

59
Q

What phenomenon is related to illusory correlations?

A

Regression towards the average. (exceptional performances –> normality)

60
Q

Kahneman’s experiment that showed regression to average conclusion:

A

We feel punished for rewarding others and rewarded for punishing them. (people do worse (go back to avg) when we praise)

61
Q

How does mood affect judgements?

A

When good mood, more perceived good behaviors or events.

62
Q

T/F: We respond to reality just as it is.

A

F. We construe it.

63
Q

Is memory like a bank vault?

A

No. We change it.

64
Q

as relationships change, how do first impressions of partner change?

A

Overestimate first impressions if still in relationship; underestimate earlier liking if broken up

65
Q

When comparing our present self to past, what do we often think?

A

We overestimate how much we’ve improved. (reconstruct our past based on present)

66
Q

Misattribution

A

Attributing a behavior to the wrong source (external/internal) eg. men more likely to attribute friendliness as sexual interest

67
Q

Does (social) intelligence have to do with attribution error?

A

Intelligent and socially competent people are more likely to make attribution error (some weak evidence)

68
Q

Why do we make fundamental attribution error?

A

When others act, they’re the focus. When we do, it’s the environment. Different ways of looking at each other.

69
Q

Camera perspective bias

A

Confessions focused on confessor yielded greater conviction

70
Q

Cultural differences in attribution error

A

Individualistic –> people cause events
Collectivistic –> more social context focus

71
Q

Why is fundamental attribution error fundamental?

A

It changes how we look at everything. (eg. political positions)

72
Q

How do teacher expectations predict student performance? What phenomenon?

A

Teacher expectations are pretty accurate. But causal effects both ways not very effective. High expectations helpful for low-achieving students tho.

73
Q

How do student’s expectations of teachers affect things? What phenomenon?

A

High expectations –> more interesting and competent, learned more
Low expectations –> performed worse

Self-fulfilling prophecy

74
Q

Behavioral confirmation

A

Having expectations –> others to behave in a way that fir your expectations (eg. if you believe someone is sexist, they become more sexist)

75
Q

How do our inner attitudes drive outward behavior?

A

Expressed attitudes hardly predicted behaviors (eg. attitude towards cheating vs. actual cheating; pro-life in streets, pro-choice in sheets)

76
Q

Example of attitudes and behavior with moral hypocrisy

A

When greed and morality and put head to head, greed wins.

77
Q

How does IAT help with predicting behavior with attitudes?

A

Implicit and explicit attitudes combined predict behavior better.

78
Q

a Principle of aggregation

A

effects of an attitude become more apparent when looking at aggregate or average behavior

79
Q

How to induce inner convictions

A

Bring them to mind (self-awareness)

80
Q

How does experience play a role in forming attitudes?

A

We consolidate attitudes through experience.

81
Q

Role

A

a set of norms that defines how one is expected to behave

82
Q

Role playing extraversion and introversion

A

After role playing introversion, they became less happy. After extraversion more conencted and happy

83
Q

Zimbardo’s question:

A

does place make people violent? or people make the place violent?

84
Q

How do individual differences play a role in role playing?

A

Some become bad apples, others don’t.

85
Q

When does saying become believing?

A

When there’s no good external explanation for their words.

86
Q

How does ‘attitudes follow behavior’ relate to evil or immoral acts?

A

After doing an immoral act, it’s easier to keep going. Killing begets killing.

87
Q

Self-presentation theory of why attitudes follow behavior

A

We don’t want others to perceive us as inconsistent. We may have to pretend to hold attitudes that fit our behavior.

88
Q

Self-justification theory of why attitudes follow behavior

A

Cognitive dissonance.

89
Q

Selective exposure

A

Tendency to seek information that confirms and avoid dissonant information (affirms > informs)

90
Q

Insufficient justification

A

Internally justifying an attitude when there’s insufficient external justification to reduce dissonance.

91
Q

Self-perception theory

A

Seeing my behavior informs me of my attitudes.

92
Q

Which theory does facial feedback effect relate to?

A

The self-perception theory

93
Q

Overjustification effect

A

Unnecessary reward for behavior that leads to less intrinsic motivation

94
Q

Unanticipated reward and overjustification?

A

Unanticipated is ok. Only anticipated rewards have a negative effect

95
Q

Self-affirmation theory

A

When self-image threat, people can restore self-image in another domain

96
Q

What can’t dissonance theory explain?

A

Changes in attitude when there’s no dissonance. Self-perception theory explains that.

97
Q

What theory explains attitude change? What explains attitude formation?

A

Dissonance theory is change. Self-perception theory is formation.

98
Q

Concluding chapter 4, to change how we think and who we are, what should we do?

A

Just act.

Social Psych 3310 (13 decks)

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