Chapter 8 Flashcards
Group (definition)
two or more people who interact (for longer than a few moments) and influence one another
Effect of mere presence: 3 examples
Social facilitation, social loafing, deindividualization
Social influence through interaction: 3 examples
group polarization, groupthink, minority influence
Social facilitation (original v. current meaning)
Original: the tendency to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present
Current: the strengthening of dominant (likely) responses in the presence of others
Explain ‘dominant’ vs. not dominant. Provide example of why complex tasks make it harder under social facilitation
Dominant is most likely. In complex tasks, correct answer is not dominant.
Who proposed that arousal helps with dominant tasks?
Robert Zajonc
What intensifies both positive and negative emotions?
Being in a crowd
What makes negative experiences less negative?
Being with others
Crowding. Influence on arousal
being with many others. Increases arousal.
In what situation do we do better when others are around?
When we do something that we normally do well.
3 factors for why we are aroused in the presence of others
Evaluation apprehension, distraction, mere presence
Evaluation apprehension
Concern for how others are evaluating us
How does a crowd distract?
When we think of how others are reacting, we become distracted. When thinking about others, we have less cognitive capacity to do a task
Social loafing (and difference to social facilitation)
People go towards a common goal (loafing) vs. an individual goal (facilitation) in presence of others
Individual effort decreases when in groups
Collective effort of tug-of-war findings.
How did they know it wasn’t just poor coordination?
Collective effort is half of the sum of individual efforts.
Blindfold. 18% harder when alone.
Social loafing of ‘clapping’
When 6 told to clap as loud as they can, clapped less than 3 times of noise by one person alone.
Is social loafing conscious?
Sometimes no, when people think they’re clapping just as loud in group or not
Does being part of a group increase or decrease evaluation apprehension?
Decrease
Is social facilitation or social loafing associated with evaluation apprehension? Why?
Social facilitation. If cannot evaluate individually, evaluation apprehension does not occur.
Collectivized farms (what does this relate to?)
Social loafing. Produced more when decollectivized. (Russia, China)
Culture impact on social loafing
Less social loafing in collectivistic cultures.
Doing what tasks do people loaf less?
When task is challenging/appealing/involving
What types of people in group make loaf less?
Friends or they feel identified with the group
Which gender loaf less?
Female. (less individualistic)
