Chapter 12

Question 1

Altruism

Answer 1

Motive to increase another’s welfare without conscious regard of self-interests

Question 2

Social-exchange theory

Answer 2

The social economic explanation of helping.

Human interactions are transactions that aim to max rewards and min costs. A cost-benefit analysis

Question 3

Altruistic people had more ___

Answer 3

sexual partners and sex within relationships

Question 4

Rewards for helping can be ____ or _____

Answer 4

external; internal

Question 5

do-good/feel-good effect

Answer 5

An internal motivation for helping. Increases positive emotions

Question 6

How does helping relate to loneliness and death?

Answer 6

Those who volunteered were happier, less lonely, and less likely to die in next 4 years

Question 7

What is difference in happiness between receiving and giving (time)?

Answer 7

Happiness from giving remains high over time, while declines over time for receiving

Question 8

How do negative emotions play a role in helping?

Answer 8

Those who experience greater distress are most likely to give help. Helping alleviates negative emotion.

Question 9

How does guilt relate to helping?

Answer 9

People help to alleviate guilt.

Study on lying and then offered to help score questionnaires. (63 vs 2 min)

Question 10

Feel-bad/do-good exceptions

Answer 10

Anger and grief does not promote giving to others.

Feel-bad/do-good happens when attention is on others

Question 11

Are happy people unhelpful?

Answer 11

Happy people are helpful people.

Question 12

Reciprocity norm

Answer 12

An expectation that people help those who help them.

Balance giving and receiving

Question 13

Social capital

Answer 13

Supportive connections and cooperative actions that make community healthy

Question 14

Are reciprocity norms stronger in Asia or America?

Answer 14

Asia

Question 15

Pledging money and favors study

Answer 15

Those who had someone do favor for them previously are more likely to make a charity pledge

Question 16

Social-responsibility norm

Answer 16

People should help those who need help. Without regard to future exchanges.

Question 17

Example of a social-responsibility norm

Answer 17

If someone drops a book, you should pick it up

Question 18

How are responses to social-responsibility norm situations tied to attributions?

Answer 18

We are less inclined to help those who made their own mess. Attribution of whose fault matters.

Question 19

Example of social-responsibility norm and Tony the psych student

Answer 19

Tony asked for class notes. If he missed class due to illness, I’d be more likely to give notes than if he’s asking cuz he was lazy.

Question 20

Gender and receiving/asking for help.

What’s the collectivistic/individualistic explanation?

Answer 20

Men help females more than males. Females help equally.

Women are more likely to ask for help.

Women are more collectivistic

Question 21

Evolutionary theory of helping

Answer 21

Self-sacrifices will not preserve. Cooperation.

Kin selection, reciprocity, and group selection help overcome selfishness

Question 22

Kin Selection

Answer 22

Parents who prioritize children are more likely to pass their genes on. Self-sacrifice for children.

Question 23

How did fraternal twins and identical twins differ in cooperation?

Answer 23

Twice as likely for identical to cooperate. Suggests that more genes shared between each other –> more cooperation

Question 24

How does kin selection relate to in-group?

Answer 24

We share more genes with neighbors than foreigners. In-group favortism can be explained through kin selection.

Question 25

Evolutionary view of reciprocity

Answer 25

Traitor if don't reciprocate. Punished if no reciprocate.

Question 26

Group Selection

Answer 26

Groups of altruists outlast groups of non-altruists. Societies have evolved ethical/religious rules.

Question 27

Level of explanation for each theory of altruism:

Answer 27

Social-exchange: Psychological Social norms: Sociological Evolutionary: Biological

Question 28

Egoistic distress reduction vs. Empathy-based (genuine) altruism

Answer 28

Helper's own welfare vs. the person helped. People help even when own mood unaffected.

Question 29

Do evolutionary psychologists believe selfish genes are more likely to be passed or genes of self-sacrificing?

Answer 29

Selfish

Question 30

Bystander Effect

Answer 30

A person is less likely to help when there are other bystanders

Question 31

Why bystander effect?

Answer 31

One is less likely to notice, interpret as emergency, and assume responsibility

Question 32

Bystander effect and sexual assult

Answer 32

MeToo movement, soldiers in military, etc.

Question 33

What phenomenon was a part of George Floyd's death?

Answer 33

bystander

Question 34

Prosocial models and helping

Answer 34

Prosocial models increase altruism. After hearing someone help, one is more likely to help.

Question 35

How does time pressure influence helping?

Answer 35

Decreased helping by a lot.

Question 36

Similarity bias and helping

Answer 36

We help people who are similar in appearance and beliefs.

Question 37

Does similarity bias extend to race?

Answer 37

Kind of. When norms are ambiguous, there seems to be discrimination.

Question 38

Personality of those who share treats when young

Answer 38

Politically progressive views

Question 39

Brain differences in those who donate a kidney

Answer 39

They're more reactive to observing someone else's pain

Question 40

Which trait best predicts willingness to help?

Answer 40

Agreeableness

Question 41

Which traits are present in those who are not helpful and lack empathy?

Answer 41

Narcissism/Psychopathy

Question 42

Social class and helping. especially when __

Answer 42

Less privileged = more helpful especially when nobody is looking

Question 43

Helping for those randomly assigned to be upper class

Answer 43

Even those assigned showed lower empathy.

Question 44

When faced with potentially dangerous situations, which gender is more likely to help strangers?

Answer 44

Men

Question 45

Medal for heroism in saving human life, what percentage are male?

Answer 45

91%

Question 46

Which gender is more likely to donate kidney, risk death as holocaust rescuers, and volunteer with Peace Corps and Doctors of World?

Answer 46

Women

Question 47

Which gender respond with greater empathy to friend problems?

Answer 47

Women

Question 48

Evidence of women donating more

Answer 48

single women donate more than single men, men donate more when married, and female-headed households donate more than male-headed.

Question 49

How does religious priming influence generosity?

Answer 49

Increases 'good' behaviors.

Question 50

Religion vs. God priming

Answer 50

God primes help to outgroup, Religion to ingroup

Question 51

Where is religiosity strongest for prosocial effect?

Answer 51

In countries where religious behavior is personal choice. If it's your idea, religion promotes helping.

Question 52

How does personalized appeal influence helping?

Answer 52

Way more effective to promote helpfulness than posters/media.

Question 53

What's deindividualized?

Answer 53

Bystanders who are not personally identified. Individualizing helps with interpreting.

Question 54

How does guilt-laden (awakening guilt) influence helping?

Answer 54

Guilt-laden people are helpful people.

Question 55

Why might personalized appeal help with helping for bystanders?

Answer 55

makes bystanders more self-aware

Question 56

Asking for large or small amounts prompts giving?

Answer 56

Small amounts "even a penny would help" (unless they've given previously. bigger requests --> bigger donations for those)

Question 57

How does labeling people help with generosity?

Answer 57

Saying someone is a generous person makes them more willing to give in future (self-image).

Question 58

Moral Exclusion

Answer 58

Perception of certain people as outside boundaries of applying moral values/rules

Question 59

Psychic numbing

Answer 59

people more willing to donate to one than 2 children. People get numb to big numbers.

Question 60

How can altruism be socialized?

Answer 60

First need to counter natural ingroup biases

Question 61

How can we model altruism?

Answer 61

Don't publicize bad habits. Read about helping makes more help. Reminded of norms help too.

Question 62

How effective is prosocial modeling in media?

Answer 62

Pretty good. For kids especially. Prosocial songs also helped.

Question 63

How might service learning or volunteer programs in school curriculum help?

Answer 63

Learn by doing.

Question 64

Does learning about bystander effect help combat it?

Answer 64

Seems to be a bit. 1/4 --> 1/2 helped after 2 weeks.

Question 65

In social norms for altruism, what's the external and internal motivators?

Answer 65

External: reciprocity Internal: social-responsibility

Question 66

In evolutionary theory for altruism, what's the external and internal motivators?

Answer 66

External: reciprocity Internal: kin selection

Question 67

What are the 2 routes to helping?

Answer 67

1) genuine altruism (empathy) 2) self-serving relieve distress.

Question 68

4 Characteristics of Altruistic Personality

Answer 68

Empathy Moral Reasoning Social Responsibility Compassion