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Social Psych 3310 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

Altruism

A

Motive to increase another’s welfare without conscious regard of self-interests

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2
Q

Social-exchange theory

A

The social economic explanation of helping.

Human interactions are transactions that aim to max rewards and min costs. A cost-benefit analysis

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3
Q

Altruistic people had more ___

A

sexual partners and sex within relationships

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4
Q

Rewards for helping can be ____ or _____

A

external; internal

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5
Q

do-good/feel-good effect

A

An internal motivation for helping. Increases positive emotions

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6
Q

How does helping relate to loneliness and death?

A

Those who volunteered were happier, less lonely, and less likely to die in next 4 years

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7
Q

What is difference in happiness between receiving and giving (time)?

A

Happiness from giving remains high over time, while declines over time for receiving

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8
Q

How do negative emotions play a role in helping?

A

Those who experience greater distress are most likely to give help. Helping alleviates negative emotion.

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9
Q

How does guilt relate to helping?

A

People help to alleviate guilt.

Study on lying and then offered to help score questionnaires. (63 vs 2 min)

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10
Q

Feel-bad/do-good exceptions

A

Anger and grief does not promote giving to others.

Feel-bad/do-good happens when attention is on others

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11
Q

Are happy people unhelpful?

A

Happy people are helpful people.

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12
Q

Reciprocity norm

A

An expectation that people help those who help them.

Balance giving and receiving

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13
Q

Social capital

A

Supportive connections and cooperative actions that make community healthy

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14
Q

Are reciprocity norms stronger in Asia or America?

A

Asia

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15
Q

Pledging money and favors study

A

Those who had someone do favor for them previously are more likely to make a charity pledge

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16
Q

Social-responsibility norm

A

People should help those who need help. Without regard to future exchanges.

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17
Q

Example of a social-responsibility norm

A

If someone drops a book, you should pick it up

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18
Q

How are responses to social-responsibility norm situations tied to attributions?

A

We are less inclined to help those who made their own mess. Attribution of whose fault matters.

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19
Q

Example of social-responsibility norm and Tony the psych student

A

Tony asked for class notes. If he missed class due to illness, I’d be more likely to give notes than if he’s asking cuz he was lazy.

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20
Q

Gender and receiving/asking for help.

What’s the collectivistic/individualistic explanation?

A

Men help females more than males. Females help equally.

Women are more likely to ask for help.

Women are more collectivistic

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21
Q

Evolutionary theory of helping

A

Self-sacrifices will not preserve. Cooperation.

Kin selection, reciprocity, and group selection help overcome selfishness

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22
Q

Kin Selection

A

Parents who prioritize children are more likely to pass their genes on. Self-sacrifice for children.

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23
Q

How did fraternal twins and identical twins differ in cooperation?

A

Twice as likely for identical to cooperate. Suggests that more genes shared between each other –> more cooperation

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24
Q

How does kin selection relate to in-group?

A

We share more genes with neighbors than foreigners. In-group favortism can be explained through kin selection.

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25
Q

Evolutionary view of reciprocity

A

Traitor if don’t reciprocate. Punished if no reciprocate.

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26
Q

Group Selection

A

Groups of altruists outlast groups of non-altruists.

Societies have evolved ethical/religious rules.

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27
Q

Level of explanation for each theory of altruism:

A

Social-exchange: Psychological

Social norms: Sociological

Evolutionary: Biological

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28
Q

Egoistic distress reduction vs. Empathy-based (genuine) altruism

A

Helper’s own welfare vs. the person helped. People help even when own mood unaffected.

29
Q

Do evolutionary psychologists believe selfish genes are more likely to be passed or genes of self-sacrificing?

A

Selfish

30
Q

Bystander Effect

A

A person is less likely to help when there are other bystanders

31
Q

Why bystander effect?

A

One is less likely to notice, interpret as emergency, and assume responsibility

32
Q

Bystander effect and sexual assult

A

MeToo movement, soldiers in military, etc.

33
Q

What phenomenon was a part of George Floyd’s death?

A

bystander

34
Q

Prosocial models and helping

A

Prosocial models increase altruism. After hearing someone help, one is more likely to help.

35
Q

How does time pressure influence helping?

A

Decreased helping by a lot.

36
Q

Similarity bias and helping

A

We help people who are similar in appearance and beliefs.

37
Q

Does similarity bias extend to race?

A

Kind of. When norms are ambiguous, there seems to be discrimination.

38
Q

Personality of those who share treats when young

A

Politically progressive views

39
Q

Brain differences in those who donate a kidney

A

They’re more reactive to observing someone else’s pain

40
Q

Which trait best predicts willingness to help?

A

Agreeableness

41
Q

Which traits are present in those who are not helpful and lack empathy?

A

Narcissism/Psychopathy

42
Q

Social class and helping.

especially when __

A

Less privileged = more helpful

especially when nobody is looking

43
Q

Helping for those randomly assigned to be upper class

A

Even those assigned showed lower empathy.

44
Q

When faced with potentially dangerous situations, which gender is more likely to help strangers?

A

Men

45
Q

Medal for heroism in saving human life, what percentage are male?

A

91%

46
Q

Which gender is more likely to donate kidney, risk death as holocaust rescuers, and volunteer with Peace Corps and Doctors of World?

A

Women

47
Q

Which gender respond with greater empathy to friend problems?

A

Women

48
Q

Evidence of women donating more

A

single women donate more than single men, men donate more when married, and female-headed households donate more than male-headed.

49
Q

How does religious priming influence generosity?

A

Increases ‘good’ behaviors.

50
Q

Religion vs. God priming

A

God primes help to outgroup, Religion to ingroup

51
Q

Where is religiosity strongest for prosocial effect?

A

In countries where religious behavior is personal choice. If it’s your idea, religion promotes helping.

52
Q

How does personalized appeal influence helping?

A

Way more effective to promote helpfulness than posters/media.

53
Q

What’s deindividualized?

A

Bystanders who are not personally identified. Individualizing helps with interpreting.

54
Q

How does guilt-laden (awakening guilt) influence helping?

A

Guilt-laden people are helpful people.

55
Q

Why might personalized appeal help with helping for bystanders?

A

makes bystanders more self-aware

56
Q

Asking for large or small amounts prompts giving?

A

Small amounts “even a penny would help” (unless they’ve given previously. bigger requests –> bigger donations for those)

57
Q

How does labeling people help with generosity?

A

Saying someone is a generous person makes them more willing to give in future (self-image).

58
Q

Moral Exclusion

A

Perception of certain people as outside boundaries of applying moral values/rules

59
Q

Psychic numbing

A

people more willing to donate to one than 2 children. People get numb to big numbers.

60
Q

How can altruism be socialized?

A

First need to counter natural ingroup biases

61
Q

How can we model altruism?

A

Don’t publicize bad habits. Read about helping makes more help. Reminded of norms help too.

62
Q

How effective is prosocial modeling in media?

A

Pretty good. For kids especially. Prosocial songs also helped.

63
Q

How might service learning or volunteer programs in school curriculum help?

A

Learn by doing.

64
Q

Does learning about bystander effect help combat it?

A

Seems to be a bit. 1/4 –> 1/2 helped after 2 weeks.

65
Q

In social norms for altruism, what’s the external and internal motivators?

A

External: reciprocity
Internal: social-responsibility

66
Q

In evolutionary theory for altruism, what’s the external and internal motivators?

A

External: reciprocity
Internal: kin selection

67
Q

What are the 2 routes to helping?

A

1) genuine altruism (empathy)
2) self-serving relieve distress.

68
Q

4 Characteristics of Altruistic Personality

A

Empathy
Moral Reasoning
Social Responsibility
Compassion

Social Psych 3310 (13 decks)

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