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Social Psych 3310 > Unit 1 (Ch1-4) > Flashcards

Unit 1 (Ch1-4) Flashcards

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1
Q

In what way do we construct our own social reality?

A

Our interpretation of events matter. “To have a good day, have a good day.”

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2
Q

Social intuitions are ______, but sometimes _____.

A

Powerful; Perilous

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3
Q

Broadly speaking, what is intuition?

A

Our trained unconscious mind (not in the freudian sense)

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4
Q

Social influences shape our _____.

A

Behavior (we care what others think)

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5
Q

What other than social influences shape our behavior?

A

Attitudes and Dispositions (internal forces)

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6
Q

Social behavior is ______ rooted.

A

Biologically; social neuroscience subfield

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7
Q

Difference between Sociology and Social Psychology

A

The level of analysis. Individual vs. Group.

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8
Q

What are the 2 criticisms of social psychology mentioned in the book?

A

1) It is common sense (trivial)
2) It is dangerous to manipulate

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9
Q

Mundane realism

A

The degree to which an experiment matches real life

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10
Q

Self-Esteem

A

Our sense of self-worth

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11
Q

What’s Lawrence’s critique of self-esteem?

A

One’s self-esteem depends on the day. Might be better to measure how reactive one is to good or bad events

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12
Q

Collectivist vs. Individualist (Self-esteem)

A

Collectivist: more context-specific
Individualist: more steady, more personal; more individual conflict (more divorces), uses social comparison to boost self esteem

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13
Q

Planning Fallacy

A

The tendency to underestimate how long it’ll take to complete a task

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14
Q

Affective Forecasting

A

Predicting future emotions

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15
Q

Impact bias

A

The tendency to overestimate the length or intensity of future states of emotion

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16
Q

What’s illusion of self-analysis?

A

When we analyze reasons we feel the way we do, we tend to make worse judgements.

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17
Q

Dual Attitude System

A

Our implicit attitudes often differ from explicit ones. (gut reaction differs to thought-out attitude); leads to self-report issues

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18
Q

What’s the motivating power of self-esteem?

A

Seeing others succeed. Friends threaten self-esteem more than strangers.

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19
Q

Narcissism

A

A disorder of overly thinking of self. When threatened, a narcissist will be aggressive.

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20
Q

Terror Management Theory

A

People tend to be self-protective when reminded of their mortality. People become more stringent and less open-minded!

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21
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

An individual’s belief of ability to complete a task.

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22
Q

Self-esteem vs. Self-efficacy

A

Self-esteem is self-worth (what you think of your own value). Self-efficacy is how confident you are to complete something.

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23
Q

Self-serving bias

A

We evaluate ourselves as better than we are.

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24
Q

Self-serving attributions

A

We deflect negative attributions off ourselves (and to something external)

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25
Q

Unrealistic optimism

A

Predicting a future outcome to be more favourable than an objective standard. Most are disposed to optimism.

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26
Q

What does illusory optimism lead to?

A

Vulnerability

27
Q

Defensive pessimism

A

An adaptive type of pessimism (sees what can possibly go wrong and makes an effective remedy)

28
Q

False consensus effect

A

The tendency to believe that others think like we do (making us feel validated)

29
Q

False uniqueness effect

A

The tendency to think our good behaviors are unique. (ex: 10 commandment data study)

30
Q

Self-handicapping

A

We handicap ourselves to attribute failure to external factors

31
Q

Self-presentation

A

How people attempt to present themselves to control how others view them

32
Q

Self-monitoring

A

Ability to regulate self-presentations to match social situations (social chameleons)

33
Q

What are the twin-truths of thinking about self?

A

Pride is perilous, but positive thinking is important.

34
Q

Priming

A

Activation of associations (unconsciously or consciously) before another stimulus is introduced

35
Q

Embodied Cognition

A

Abstract psychological concepts become physiological (eg. hard, cold, etc.)

36
Q

Overconfidence

A

Being more confident than correct. Possibly to make us feel better about our decisions.

37
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

We pay more attention to things that confirm our beliefs

38
Q

Heuristics

A

Mental Shortcuts

39
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A

Stereotypes; someone is part of group because they look like them. Ignores base-rate info.

40
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Availability in memory = likely. Paradoxically, rare things are more memorable.

41
Q

Counterfactual Thinking

A

“if only..” (silver medal smile less than bronze)

42
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

Perception of a correlation when there is no correlation (regression to avg)

43
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

Maintaining beliefs even when there’s contrary evidence (due to confirmation bias)

44
Q

How confirmation bias relates to memory

A

We remember confirming information.

45
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

Post-event information change our memory of an event

46
Q

Attribution Theory

A

how we explain others’ behavior to ourselves

47
Q

Dispositional Attribution

A

Attributing behavior to people’s inherent characteristics (unfavorable reaction)

48
Q

Situational Attribution

A

Attributing behavior to the situation (situational reaction)

49
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

We over-attribute others’ behavior to traits rather than situations

50
Q

Spontaneous Trait Attribution

A

A dispositional attribution made automatically based on something else.

51
Q

Under what circumstances (positive/negative) are dispositional/situational more common?

A

Negative –> dispositional
Positive –> situational

52
Q

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

A

Something comes true as a result of expectation. Problems in experimenter bias

53
Q

Behavioral Confirmation

A

A form of self-fulfilling prophecy; you behave in a way that causes others to confirm expectations (in class, it’s what you hear –> confirm expectation; therapy example)

54
Q

Attitudes

A

Feelings influenced by beliefs that predispose us favorably or unfavorably to things

55
Q

Are attitudes a good predictor of behavior? Vice versa?

A

No. Behavior predicts attitudes well. (eg. donating blood)

56
Q

When do attitudes predict behavior?

A

When other influences on behavior are minimal, when an attitude is specific to a behavior, and when the attitude is salient or potent.

57
Q

Implicit Association Test

A

Measures attitudes or beliefs unable to report (system 1); implicit biases by using reaction time.

58
Q

Theory of Planned Behavior

A

Attitudes, Norms, and Perceived Control shape intention and then behavior

59
Q

How does behavior affect attitudes?

A

Attitudes follow behavior. There are mental aftereffects of behavior. Killing begets killing (insects). Speed dating example

60
Q

Role Playing

A

Saying becomes believing (Zimbardo prison study).

61
Q

Self-presentation theory

A

Impression management. We desire to make a positive impression by doing what we’re supposed to.

62
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A

Reduce dissonance by changing how we think (it’s either think or behave. but we behaved already). Assumes people want to be consistent internally and externally

63
Q

Insufficient justification

A

Engage in behavior that’s contrary to beliefs when there’s small external justification (needs more internal justification). Part of cognitive dissonance theory.

64
Q

Self-perception theory

A

We change attitudes due to self-observation. Facial-feedback and overjustification effects related

Social Psych 3310 (13 decks)

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