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Social Psych 3310 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

Clinical Psychology (def)

A

The study, assessment, and treatment of people with psychological difficulties

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2
Q

What’s the main problem in clinical diagnosis that affects accuracy?

A

Expert intuition rules over objective formulas

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3
Q

What shows that clinical psychologists tend to be overconfident?

A

Most rate themselves at the 80th percentile.

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4
Q

Why might Rorschach inkblots in clinical setting be a problem?

A

They’re not very predictive of clinical illness; so they promote illusory correlations

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5
Q

How do illusory correlations happen in clinical settings?

A

Clinicians perceive a relationship when they expect it.

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6
Q

Hindsight bias in clinical setting

A

When depressed individual takes own life, we fall into i-should-have-known-all-along phenomenon

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7
Q

Self-confirming diagnoses in clinical settings

A

Patients reveal information that confirm the clinician’s expectation.

Clinicians ask for confirming evidence when they suspect. (they’ll probably find the evidence if they’re looking for it)

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8
Q

Clinical intuition vs. Statistical prediction

confidence in clinical judgements?

A

Statistical predictions are more accurate.

little correlation between confidence and accuracy.

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9
Q

When clinicians were allowed interview, what happened to accuracy of their judgements?

A

accuracy got even worse

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10
Q

Some suggestions for better clinical practice

A

Know agreement from patient doesn’t mean it’s valid. Careful when seeing associations. Use notes, not memory. Consider opposing ideas.

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11
Q

Are depressed people more realistic? Judgements are memories?

A

Yeah. More accurate judgements memories, and knowing others’ feelings.

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12
Q

Depressive Realism

why might this exist?

A

Phenomenon where mildly depressed individuals have more accurate judgements, attributions, and predictions

Normal people tend to exaggerate how good they are

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13
Q

People with depression more likely have what kind of explanatory style? What does that breed?

A

A negative explanatory style. Attribute bad things to self. Breeds hopelessness

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14
Q

3 Characteristics of negative explanatory style

A

Stable (this bad attribute will be with me forever), Global (this bad attribute affects everything i do), Internal (it’s all my fault)

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15
Q

Is negative thinking a cause or result of depression?

A

Both.

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16
Q

How does negative thinking cause depressive moods?

A

Those with dispositions to depression usually have negative explanatory styles, leading to self-blame, then depressive moods.

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17
Q

What might explain why women have 2x risk of depression in adolescence compared to men?

A

Women tend to overthink and have negative explanatory styles.

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18
Q

A psychologists suggests what reason to be reason for high depression rates today? What phenomenon this relate to?

A

Emphasis on self-focus and self-blame in today’s culture.

Relates to how negative thinking breeds depression

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19
Q

How is short-term depression adaptive?

A

Makes us slow down and reassess how we can improve when we fail.

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20
Q

How does depression lead to negative thinking?

A

Bad mood primes negative memory recollection (depressed people recall more bad events)

Moods modify memories

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21
Q

When in life is loneliness the most increasing?

A

Early teen and mid 20s. Declines afterwards

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22
Q

Compare 2010s in-person social time to 1980s

A

1 hour less on average.

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23
Q

Genetic factors of loneliness

A

Identical twins are more likely to share degree of moderate to extreme loneliness.

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24
Q

What groups are most prone to loneliness?

A

Young people, men, and individualistic

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25
Q

What must be necessary for one to be considered lonely?

A

Alone does not mean lonely.

Need to feel excluded or unloved

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26
Q

How does loneliness affect health outcomes?

A

Increases stress hormones, resulting in many negative health outcomes. Increases risk of death as much as smoking

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27
Q

How does social media affect loneliness?

A

Social media makes people lonelier (eg. facebook longitudinal study)

28
Q

How do lonely people tend to see self and others?

A

Sees self and others more negatively. Self as socially unworthy

29
Q

Shyness (definition)

A

A type of social anxiety that is afraid of what others think. A trait, not a state.

30
Q

What makes us anxious in social situations?

A

Self-presentation theory: we want to impress others. Anxiety comes when we doubt ourselves when trying to make a good impression

31
Q

What does an anxious concern to make a good impression lead to?

A

The opposite. Makes a bad impression

32
Q

What is underlying overpersonalizing situations?

A

Extreme proneness to the spotlight effect.

33
Q

What might people who overpersonalize do as a “solution”?

A

drink. decreases self-awareness/self-consciousness

34
Q

What happened when women attributed pounding heart to something else in a social situation?

A

They were no longer shy. (they attributed their physiological arousal to something else.)

35
Q

What does being anger-prone Type A personality or having depression predict in health outcomes?

A

More prone to heart disease. Possibly due to stress hormones

36
Q

What does stress do to our health?

A

Makes immune system weaker

37
Q

Optimists vs. pessimists in health

A

Pessimistic style more likely to be ill. Hopelessness makes illness

38
Q

What does effects of hopelessness entail about how we can treat illness?

A

Use placebo effect and be hopeful. Believing is a treatment.

39
Q

3 Social-Psychological approaches to Treatment

A

Internal changes by changing external behavior

Break self-defeating cycles or patterns

Attribute improvements to self

40
Q

Assertiveness training is part of which social-psychological approach?

A

External behavior change internal state approach.

Attitudes-follow-behavior approach

41
Q

2 ways of breaking self-defeating cycles mentioned in the text

A

1) Social skills training: use safe environment to train social skills (eg. talk to women –> confidence)

2) Explanatory Style Therapy (change explanatory style by attributing success to self and failures to external)

42
Q

What about coercive changes in behavior?

What should focus be on instead?

A

They don’t last. Self-efficacy or self-motivation focus is better.

43
Q

How does sociability related to proneness to cold?

A

Those high in sociability are less prone to the cold

44
Q

How does giving predict health?

A

People who give live longer

45
Q

How does marriage predict health?

A

Good quality marriage predicts good health

46
Q

Confiding and health

A

Being able to confide predicts better health. Confiding in diary works too.

47
Q

How does friendships predict outcomes?

A

Talking to friends and disclosing more predicts happiness. But not online; real life.

48
Q

Causality of marriage and happiness

A

Marriage causes happiness (longitudinal study), and happy people are more likable so cause marriage too.

49
Q

Both correct and incorrect eyewitnesses were believed ___% of the time. What does this show?

A

80%. we’re not good at telling if people are right or not

50
Q

___% confidence tends to be ___% accurate

A

90-100% –> 75-90%

51
Q

What might help decreasing lineup mistakes?

A

Noting they might not be in it. Also doing 1 at a time (so no comparison)

52
Q

What happens to memory of events when stress and heart rate is high during the event?

A

Worse meomry

53
Q

What does harsh interrogation do to information retreival?

A

less accurate retreival

54
Q

Imagining inflation

A

when told to imagine, more likely to recall that the thing actually happened

55
Q

What signs when recalling flase info?

A

Tend to use more “um” and pause

56
Q

Compliant vs Internalized confessions

A

Compliant is just to get it over with

Internalized is when believing in the misinformation

57
Q

Is DNA more or less convincing than a confession?

A

DNA is less convincing

58
Q

What’s recommended for police interviewers to do?

A

Start with unprompted recollections, show pictures of scene, instruct to imagine how they thought and felt

59
Q

Faster or slower identification tend to be accurate?

A

10-12s or less accurate.

60
Q

Distinguishing features and lineup

A

If have distinuishing features, must put others with that feature too

61
Q

What defendant chaacteristics affect judgements?

A

Physical appearance and similarity

62
Q

Reactance in jurors when told to ignore evidence

A

Makes the evidence more strong

63
Q

How to promote understanding of instructions in jurors

A

Plain laguage, transcripts

64
Q

Death-qualified jurors problem

A

A biased sample. More liekly to vote guilty

65
Q

What proportion initially has no unanimous decision? Then what happens after deliberation?

A

2/3. 95% become unanimous

66
Q

Leniency phenomenon

A

more liekly to go not guilty after deliberation (both informational and normative influences)

67
Q

6 or 12?

A

12 more diverse, more accurate, less conformity pressure if 10v2

Social Psych 3310 (13 decks)

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