Chapter 9 Flashcards
What is this part 3 (ch9-12) about?
How we relate to one another
Main prejudice examples
Race, Gender, Sexual Orientation
but also:
Religion (muslims mostly),
Age,
Obesity,
Immigrants,
Politics
Prejudice (definition)
A preconceived negative judgement of a group and its individual members
Prejudice is an _______.
attitude
ABCs of attitudes
affect (feelings), behavioral inclination, and cognition (beliefs)
Stereotypes
Generalized social beliefs about individuals in groups
What’s the problem with stereotypes?
When they’re overgeneralized or inaccurate. Prejudice often follows inaccurate stereotypes.
Discrimination (how does it differ to prejudice?)
Discrimination is a negative behavior.
Prejudice is a negative attitude.
Action must be required to be considered as discrimination
What do implicit association tests (IATs) show about our prejudice attidues?
We can have differing implicit and explicit attitudes.
Are implicit or explicit attitudes more long-lasting?
Implicit.
IATs modestly predict _____ acts, but better predict ____ outcomes
individual; average
Is it nature or people who categorize mixed people as “black”? What’s the evidence?
People do. No neat categories of race.
Cultures with more exposure to mixed are likely to categorize them as white more frequently.
How have explicit racial attitudes changed since 50-70 years ago?
Much less explicit racism (eg. more accepting of cross-cultural marriage, IATs prejudice decline, etc.)
What shows that racial prejudices might NOT be going away? (3 things)
Increased people saying racial prejudice is a big problem.
28% –> 51% –> 76% (2009, 2015, 2020)
Increased hate crimes
People tend to underreport negative stereotypes.
How many out of 4 people associate favourable words to white more than blacks when doing IAT?
3 in 4
Racial discrimination in job callbacks
Discrimination in 2015 is just as strong as in ____
1 in 10 callbacks for white names,
1 in 15 callbacks for black names.
1989
Starting salary also influenced.
Airbnb, Uber racial discrimination
Airbnb less likely to accept African-American name guests.
Uber longer wait times and more cancellations for black names
Essays by blacks and whites study (Stanford)
When graders knew essay was written by black, they offered less negative comments and higher praise (patronizing with lower standards?)
Study of press button to shoot or not shoot when holding gun or harmless object
More often will shoot black females incorrectly
What brain region facilitates automatic responding to feeling threat?
Amygdala
What has police been doing to try avoid influence of stereotypes?
Implicit-bias training
What happens to mental health among blacks when there’s some big racial incidence?
Poor mental health and nightmares.
Norms are _____, stereotypes are ______.
Prescriptive, Descriptive
What happened to stereotypes about men and women agreeableness and competence/intelligence from 1946 to 2018?
Competence/Intelligence: women and men rated more equal than before
Agreeableness and caring: women as even more agreeable compared to men
Have attitudes towards women changed more rapidly/slowly/the same as racial attitudes?
Just as rapidly.
Women-are-wonderful-effect
Women are more liked than men. Understanding, kind, helpful
Benevolent sexism
Seemingly positive in tone but underlies some sexist inference
Hostile sexism
An outwardly negative statement about women
Sexual harassment statistics for women
81% of US women experienced some form of sexual harassment in lifetime (43% men did). 1/3 worldwide had sexual assault or partner violence. 3/4 had unwanted sexual advances in work.
Middle East percentage who agree that it’s very important for women to have same rights as men
48%
How is prenatal sexism a problem?
110 boy births per 100 in India. Now have abortion and ultrasound to determine sex and people prefer boys.
Antigay attitudes strongest among what 3 predictors?
old, male, less educated
How do state policies relate to gay people well-being?
The policies predict mood disorder rates amongst LGBT. When same-sex marriage banned, general anxiety, mood disorders increased lots for gay and lesbian.
Suicide rate among gay and lesbian teens
3x higher than general teen rate
How is unequal status related to prejudice?
Unequal status breeds prejudice. Upper-class see lower-class as less worthy (‘they earned it’). Eg. slavery
Social Dominance Orientation
Motivation to have one’s group dominate other social groups. Has high prejudice.
Social sources of prejudice
Inequality, Socialization, Systemic
Authoritarian personality
Personality disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups. (those who prejudice against 1 group are likely to prejudice against another)
Prejudice from church members
White church members express more racial prejudice than nonmembers.
Fundamentalist believers express more prejudice than progressives.
What’s causal relationship between religion and prejudice?
Unsure. Has 3 possibilities.
What types of religious members are less prejudiced?
Intrinsically religious, Clergy, and Faithful attenders
Conformity and prejudice
Those who conformed are most prejudiced if prejudice is socially accepted.
Media is important.
Systemic supports that bolster prejudice
Media enforcing status quo. eg. focus on women’s bodies or men faces.
Motivations of Prejudice
Frustration and Aggression (Scapegoat)
Social Identity Theory (Ingroup)
Motivation to Avoid Prejudice
Realistic Group Conflict Theory
Prejudice arises from competition between groups for same resources
Social Identity Theory (3 things.)
We not only have personal, but a social identity. (eg. woman, asian, etc.)
We categorize, identify, and compare.
“Us” vs. “Them”, Group norms
Effects of ingroup bias
Helps self-concept, feeds favortism, dehumanizes outgroups
Is ingroup bias dislike other group?
Both ingroup liking and outgroup disliking. Ingroup liking is stronger in discrimination
When are outgroup stereotypes strongest?
When we feel most keenly to ingroup
How does status relate to prejudice?
We need people below us. This leads to prejudice and superiority feelings when threatened.
What’s problem with avoiding prejudice?
They just don’t go away. Divert attention away from person doesn’t solve.
Can prejudice habit be broken?
If motivated internally, then yes.
Cognitive Sources of Prejudice
Categorization, Distinctiveness, Attribution
Why do we categorize?
Cognitive ease.
What 2 characteristics are most powerful in categorizing?
Sex and ethnicity
Outgroup homogeneity effect
Perception that outgroup members are more similar to one another than ingroup. (they are alike, we’re diverse) (non-asian label as asian vs asian label as chinese)
Own-race bias
Tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of own race. Even infants 9 months old
Own-age bias
Can recognize identity of own age groups better.
How does distinctiveness play a role in prejudice?
We’re defined by our distinctive characteristics. Including race. Arises self-consciousness too.
Vivid Cases and Stereotypes
We judge groups based on vivid cases. (eg. Muslim stereotype)
Distinct cases and illusory correlations
We make illusory correlations based on distinctiveness. Makes us thing greater proportion.
Fundamental Attribution Error and Stereotype
Race/Sex gets attributed rather than situational
Group-serving bias
We explain away outgroup positive behaviors and attribute negative behaviors to dispositions. Attribute ingroup negatives to situations
Just-World Phenomenon (how it relates to the rape case)
Tendency to believe world is just and people deserve what they get.
In rape experiment, people still thought she deserved it.
Prejudgements
A consequence of prejudice.
Subtyping
Thinking of one as exception who is different to stereotype (not a good thing. subtype positive remains the negative stereotype.)
Subtyping difference between high and low-prejudice people
high prejudice subtype positive members and low prejudice subtype negative members
Subgrouping
Form new stereotype about the subset of group (a part of overall group, slight change in group’s stereotype)
Self-fulfilling Prophecy and Discrimination
Being victimized can affect the way that you act and feel.
Stereotype threat
Concern that one will be evaluated based on negative stereotype.
How does self-fulfilling prophecy and stereotype threat differ?
stereotype threat: negative sterotypes harm performance.
self-fulfilling prophecy: initial stereotypes reinforced.
3 ways stereotype threat undermines performance
Stress, self-monitoring, and suppressing thoughts/emotion
Values affirmation
important and useful to affirm who one is. To combat stereotype threat.
Do people rate outgroup individuals higher or their group higher?
individual
Men who high in hostile sexism what outcomes?
Less relationship satisfaction
