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Social Psych 3310 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is this part 3 (ch9-12) about?

A

How we relate to one another

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2
Q

Main prejudice examples

A

Race, Gender, Sexual Orientation

but also:

Religion (muslims mostly),
Age,
Obesity,
Immigrants,
Politics

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3
Q

Prejudice (definition)

A

A preconceived negative judgement of a group and its individual members

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4
Q

Prejudice is an _______.

A

attitude

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5
Q

ABCs of attitudes

A

affect (feelings), behavioral inclination, and cognition (beliefs)

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6
Q

Stereotypes

A

Generalized social beliefs about individuals in groups

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7
Q

What’s the problem with stereotypes?

A

When they’re overgeneralized or inaccurate. Prejudice often follows inaccurate stereotypes.

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8
Q

Discrimination (how does it differ to prejudice?)

A

Discrimination is a negative behavior.

Prejudice is a negative attitude.

Action must be required to be considered as discrimination

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9
Q

What do implicit association tests (IATs) show about our prejudice attidues?

A

We can have differing implicit and explicit attitudes.

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10
Q

Are implicit or explicit attitudes more long-lasting?

A

Implicit.

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11
Q

IATs modestly predict _____ acts, but better predict ____ outcomes

A

individual; average

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12
Q

Is it nature or people who categorize mixed people as “black”? What’s the evidence?

A

People do. No neat categories of race.

Cultures with more exposure to mixed are likely to categorize them as white more frequently.

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13
Q

How have explicit racial attitudes changed since 50-70 years ago?

A

Much less explicit racism (eg. more accepting of cross-cultural marriage, IATs prejudice decline, etc.)

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14
Q

What shows that racial prejudices might NOT be going away? (3 things)

A

Increased people saying racial prejudice is a big problem.
28% –> 51% –> 76% (2009, 2015, 2020)

Increased hate crimes

People tend to underreport negative stereotypes.

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15
Q

How many out of 4 people associate favourable words to white more than blacks when doing IAT?

A

3 in 4

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16
Q

Racial discrimination in job callbacks

Discrimination in 2015 is just as strong as in ____

A

1 in 10 callbacks for white names,
1 in 15 callbacks for black names.

1989

Starting salary also influenced.

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17
Q

Airbnb, Uber racial discrimination

A

Airbnb less likely to accept African-American name guests.

Uber longer wait times and more cancellations for black names

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18
Q

Essays by blacks and whites study (Stanford)

A

When graders knew essay was written by black, they offered less negative comments and higher praise (patronizing with lower standards?)

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19
Q

Study of press button to shoot or not shoot when holding gun or harmless object

A

More often will shoot black females incorrectly

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20
Q

What brain region facilitates automatic responding to feeling threat?

A

Amygdala

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21
Q

What has police been doing to try avoid influence of stereotypes?

A

Implicit-bias training

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22
Q

What happens to mental health among blacks when there’s some big racial incidence?

A

Poor mental health and nightmares.

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23
Q

Norms are _____, stereotypes are ______.

A

Prescriptive, Descriptive

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24
Q

What happened to stereotypes about men and women agreeableness and competence/intelligence from 1946 to 2018?

A

Competence/Intelligence: women and men rated more equal than before

Agreeableness and caring: women as even more agreeable compared to men

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25
Q

Have attitudes towards women changed more rapidly/slowly/the same as racial attitudes?

A

Just as rapidly.

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26
Q

Women-are-wonderful-effect

A

Women are more liked than men. Understanding, kind, helpful

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27
Q

Benevolent sexism

A

Seemingly positive in tone but underlies some sexist inference

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28
Q

Hostile sexism

A

An outwardly negative statement about women

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29
Q

Sexual harassment statistics for women

A

81% of US women experienced some form of sexual harassment in lifetime (43% men did). 1/3 worldwide had sexual assault or partner violence. 3/4 had unwanted sexual advances in work.

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30
Q

Middle East percentage who agree that it’s very important for women to have same rights as men

A

48%

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31
Q

How is prenatal sexism a problem?

A

110 boy births per 100 in India. Now have abortion and ultrasound to determine sex and people prefer boys.

32
Q

Antigay attitudes strongest among what 3 predictors?

A

old, male, less educated

33
Q

How do state policies relate to gay people well-being?

A

The policies predict mood disorder rates amongst LGBT. When same-sex marriage banned, general anxiety, mood disorders increased lots for gay and lesbian.

34
Q

Suicide rate among gay and lesbian teens

A

3x higher than general teen rate

35
Q

How is unequal status related to prejudice?

A

Unequal status breeds prejudice. Upper-class see lower-class as less worthy (‘they earned it’). Eg. slavery

36
Q

Social Dominance Orientation

A

Motivation to have one’s group dominate other social groups. Has high prejudice.

37
Q

Social sources of prejudice

A

Inequality, Socialization, Systemic

38
Q

Authoritarian personality

A

Personality disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups. (those who prejudice against 1 group are likely to prejudice against another)

39
Q

Prejudice from church members

A

White church members express more racial prejudice than nonmembers.
Fundamentalist believers express more prejudice than progressives.

40
Q

What’s causal relationship between religion and prejudice?

A

Unsure. Has 3 possibilities.

41
Q

What types of religious members are less prejudiced?

A

Intrinsically religious, Clergy, and Faithful attenders

42
Q

Conformity and prejudice

A

Those who conformed are most prejudiced if prejudice is socially accepted.

Media is important.

43
Q

Systemic supports that bolster prejudice

A

Media enforcing status quo. eg. focus on women’s bodies or men faces.

44
Q

Motivations of Prejudice

A

Frustration and Aggression (Scapegoat)
Social Identity Theory (Ingroup)
Motivation to Avoid Prejudice

45
Q

Realistic Group Conflict Theory

A

Prejudice arises from competition between groups for same resources

46
Q

Social Identity Theory (3 things.)

A

We not only have personal, but a social identity. (eg. woman, asian, etc.)

We categorize, identify, and compare.

“Us” vs. “Them”, Group norms

47
Q

Effects of ingroup bias

A

Helps self-concept, feeds favortism, dehumanizes outgroups

48
Q

Is ingroup bias dislike other group?

A

Both ingroup liking and outgroup disliking. Ingroup liking is stronger in discrimination

49
Q

When are outgroup stereotypes strongest?

A

When we feel most keenly to ingroup

50
Q

How does status relate to prejudice?

A

We need people below us. This leads to prejudice and superiority feelings when threatened.

51
Q

What’s problem with avoiding prejudice?

A

They just don’t go away. Divert attention away from person doesn’t solve.

52
Q

Can prejudice habit be broken?

A

If motivated internally, then yes.

53
Q

Cognitive Sources of Prejudice

A

Categorization, Distinctiveness, Attribution

54
Q

Why do we categorize?

A

Cognitive ease.

55
Q

What 2 characteristics are most powerful in categorizing?

A

Sex and ethnicity

56
Q

Outgroup homogeneity effect

A

Perception that outgroup members are more similar to one another than ingroup. (they are alike, we’re diverse) (non-asian label as asian vs asian label as chinese)

57
Q

Own-race bias

A

Tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of own race. Even infants 9 months old

58
Q

Own-age bias

A

Can recognize identity of own age groups better.

59
Q

How does distinctiveness play a role in prejudice?

A

We’re defined by our distinctive characteristics. Including race. Arises self-consciousness too.

60
Q

Vivid Cases and Stereotypes

A

We judge groups based on vivid cases. (eg. Muslim stereotype)

61
Q

Distinct cases and illusory correlations

A

We make illusory correlations based on distinctiveness. Makes us thing greater proportion.

62
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error and Stereotype

A

Race/Sex gets attributed rather than situational

63
Q

Group-serving bias

A

We explain away outgroup positive behaviors and attribute negative behaviors to dispositions. Attribute ingroup negatives to situations

64
Q

Just-World Phenomenon (how it relates to the rape case)

A

Tendency to believe world is just and people deserve what they get.

In rape experiment, people still thought she deserved it.

65
Q

Prejudgements

A

A consequence of prejudice.

66
Q

Subtyping

A

Thinking of one as exception who is different to stereotype (not a good thing. subtype positive remains the negative stereotype.)

67
Q

Subtyping difference between high and low-prejudice people

A

high prejudice subtype positive members and low prejudice subtype negative members

68
Q

Subgrouping

A

Form new stereotype about the subset of group (a part of overall group, slight change in group’s stereotype)

69
Q

Self-fulfilling Prophecy and Discrimination

A

Being victimized can affect the way that you act and feel.

70
Q

Stereotype threat

A

Concern that one will be evaluated based on negative stereotype.

71
Q

How does self-fulfilling prophecy and stereotype threat differ?

A

stereotype threat: negative sterotypes harm performance.
self-fulfilling prophecy: initial stereotypes reinforced.

72
Q

3 ways stereotype threat undermines performance

A

Stress, self-monitoring, and suppressing thoughts/emotion

73
Q

Values affirmation

A

important and useful to affirm who one is. To combat stereotype threat.

74
Q

Do people rate outgroup individuals higher or their group higher?

A

individual

75
Q

Men who high in hostile sexism what outcomes?

A

Less relationship satisfaction

Social Psych 3310 (13 decks)

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