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Social Psych 3310 > Final Exam Vocab > Flashcards

Final Exam Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

Social Psychology

A

the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another

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2
Q

Social Neuroscience

Social psych is _____ rooted

A

A field that looks at neural bases of social processes. How these processes affect brain and biology.

biologically

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3
Q

2 criticisms of social psychology:

A

Common sense (hindsight)
Manipulation

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4
Q

How do we construe our social reality?

A

We interpret events. To have a good day, have a good day.

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5
Q

Mundane realism

A

The degree to which an experiment matches real life

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6
Q

Experimental realism

A

The degree to which an experiment absorbs and ivolves its participants

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7
Q

Sociology vs. Social Psychology

A

Level of analysis (individual v. group)

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8
Q

Theory

A

integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events

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9
Q

Framing

A

The way a question or issue is posed

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10
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Cues in experiment that tell participant what behavior is expected.

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11
Q

Spotlight effect

A

Belief that others are paying attention to us more than they really are

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12
Q

Illusion of transparancy

A

Illusions that others can see how we’re feeling underneath easily

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13
Q

Self-concept

A

What we know and believe about ourself

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14
Q

Self-schemas

A

Templates that we categorize ourselves into (eg. overweight, athletic, smart)

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15
Q

Social comparison

how does it relate to self?

A

We tend to compare our opinions and abilities to others.

Determines how we think of “self”. Are we smart? compare. Are we rich? compare.

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16
Q

Children praised for being a “helper” later help more than children praised for “helping”. Why?

A

It became a part of their identity.

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17
Q

Looking-glass Self

A

We see ourselves by how we view the way others see us

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18
Q

Individualism vs. Collectivism

A

Priority = independent self
Priority = group values

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19
Q

How has individualism/collectivism been changing?

A

Everyone’s becoming more individualistic

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20
Q

If we have more money than others, how does that make us feel?

What phenomenon?

A

We are more happy.

Social comparison.

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21
Q

Individualist vs. Collectivist in self-esteem

A

Collectivist is less stable, more situational

Individualist is more individual conflict, more social comparison

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22
Q

How good’s our self-knowledge?

A

Not good at predicting time it’ll take (planning fallacy)

Not good at predicting how our relationship will last (roommates are better)

Not good at predicting our feelings (affective forecasting)

or sadness, hunger, happiness

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23
Q

Impact bias. more prone to positive or negative bias?

A

Overestimating how an event will make us feel. Especially prone to negative events.

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24
Q

Effects of analyzing why we feel the way we feel

A

Worse judgements

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25
Q

Dual attitude system

A

We have implicit (automatic) attitudes and explicit (controlled) attitudes

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26
Q

Research on self-knowledge implications on self-reports

A

Self-reports are probably not trustworthy

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27
Q

Self-esteem

A

A person’s evaluation of self or self-worth

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28
Q

Schadenfreude

A

Happy at another’s downfall

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29
Q

Terror management theory

A

Theory that reminding someone of their death makes them more protective of self.

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30
Q

Effects of low self-esteem

A

More vulerable to diseases, causes depression

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31
Q

Which ethnic group has lowest self-esteem?

A

Asian-Americans

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32
Q

Narcissism

how does it relate to self-esteem?

what happens when threatened?

A

An inflated sense of self.

Higher narcissism –> higher self-esteem (for both dispositionally low and high SE)

will be aggressive when threatened

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33
Q

Self-efficacy

what’s self-efficacy consistently linked to?

A

How one rates their competence

Linked to success

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34
Q

Self-serving bias

A

We tend to think of self favourably

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35
Q

Self-serving attributions

A

Attributing positive things to self, negative things to external factors

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36
Q

Defensive pessimism

A

Adaptive. Anticipates problems and uses anxiety for action

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37
Q

False consensus effect

A

We think others think the same opinions as us. Overestimate commonality of bad traits

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38
Q

False uniqueness effect

A

We think our good traits are unique to us. Underestimate commonality of good traits.

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39
Q

Self-handicapping

A

Protecting self-image by giving self excuse to attribute failure to later.

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40
Q

Self-presentation

A

Expressing self in way that impresses others or in a way that corresponds to own ideals.

External and internal audience

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41
Q

Self-monitoring

A

Attuned to self-presentation and adjusts according to situation.

People low in self-monitoring might seem insensitive

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42
Q

Embodied cognition

A

Influence of bodily sensation on cognition

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43
Q

System 1 vs System 2

A

System 1: implicit, automatic
System 2: conscious, slow

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44
Q

Overconfidence

A

tendency to believe one is more confident than correct

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45
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Tendency to search for confirming evidence

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46
Q

Remedies for overconfidence bias

A

Prompt feedback and think why it might be wrong

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47
Q

Representativeness vs Availability Heuristics

A

Representative: something belongs to a group when they look like it

Availability: available in memory means more likely to accur

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48
Q

Do we regret greater the things we didn’t do or did do?

phenomenon?

A

Didn’t do. Relates to counterfactual thinking.

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49
Q

Illusory correlation

A

Perceiving a correlation that doesn’t exist.

a kind of heuristic

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50
Q

Mood effects on perceiving positive/negative behaviors

A

People in good mood perceive more positive behaviors. (supply demand looking graph lol)

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51
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

Tendency to stick to one’s own belief and discredit explanations of why belief might be wrong

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52
Q

Attribution theory

A

theory of how people explain others’ behavior.

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53
Q

Misattribution

A

attributing behavior to wrong source (situational/dispositional)

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54
Q

Spontaneous trait inference

A

Automatic inference that someone has some trait after seeing a behavior

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55
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

Tendency to overestimate dispositional influences, underestimate situational influences

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56
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecies

A

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment

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57
Q

Behavioral confirmation

A

A type of self-fulfilling prophecy. Social expectations that leads to behavior in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations.

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58
Q

Attitude

A

beliefs and feelings that predispose us to respond in a certain way to objects/people/events

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59
Q

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

A

Tests that show implicit attitudes

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60
Q

When do attitudes predict behavior?

A

When little other influences, when attitudes are specific to behavior, when attitudes are potent.

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61
Q

How well do attitudes predict behavior?

A

Not well.

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62
Q

Role

A

Norms that define how people ought to behave

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63
Q

3 Theories of why behavior affects attitudes

A

Self-presentation: we want to appear consistent.

Cognitive Dissonance: we want to rid of cognitive dissonance, so we change our attitudes.

Self-perception: when unsure of attitudes, we infer them as someone who’s observing us. we change attitudes due to self-observation

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64
Q

Selective exposure

relates to what phenomenon?

A

We choose information that align with own views and avoid dissonant info

Cognitive dissonance

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65
Q

Insufficient justification

A

Reducing dissonance by justifying behavior when there’s little external justification

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66
Q

Facial Feedback Effect

what phenomenon it relates?

A

Smiling makes you happier. (and other expressions too)

relates to self-perception theory?

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67
Q

Overjustification effect

A

Giving people external rewards for what they enjoy internally makes them enjoy it less.

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68
Q

Self-affirmation theory

A

Theory that people will try to compensate by using another aspect of self

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69
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

Study of evolution of cognition and behavior (natural selection perspective)

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70
Q

Gender definition (in psych)

A

The characteristics that we associate with male and female

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71
Q

Evolutionary view of gender differences in sex drive

A

Cheap investment for men, costly for women

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72
Q

Androgynous

A

Mix of masculine and feminine characteristics

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73
Q

As men and women get older, what happens to gender diffs?

A

Becomes more androgynous

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74
Q

Critique of evolutionary approach

A

Hindsight bias.

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75
Q

Epigenetics

A

Environmental influences on gene expression without changing DNA

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76
Q

Countries near equator have more or less personal space?

A

Less (more touching/hugging)

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77
Q

Genetic influences explain around ____% of individual variations in personality

Environmental influences account for ___% of personality differences

A

40%

0 to 1 %

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78
Q

Gender roles vary from ____ to _____ and from _____ to ______

A

culture

time

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79
Q

Gender differences in friendships/peer relationships

A

Women tend to identify more with relationships, men with activities

80
Q

Gender differences in vocations

A

People vs things

81
Q

People perceive leaders to have what gender traits?

A

Masculine

82
Q

Aggression

A

Verbal or physical behavior intended to hurt

83
Q

How many Americans are transgender?

A

4/1000

84
Q

Is there a trend towards uniform global culture?

A

No, local cultures are still very enduring

85
Q

Conformity vs Acceptance vs Compliance vs Obedience

A

Conformity: change in behavior or belief as a result of group pressure

Acceptance: conformity that involves believing

Compliance: conformity to an implied or explicit request but privately disagreeing

Obedience: compliance to a direct order

86
Q

Sherif’s studies of norm formation

A

Formed norms with autokinetic phenomenon stuff (apparent momvemnt of ligght)

87
Q

Mass hysteria

A

Mimicry on a large scale through large group of people

88
Q

Asch’s studies of group pressure

A

conforming to lines experiment

89
Q

Milgram’s obedience studies

A

Studied people getting shocked and obeying to authority

90
Q

Group size effects on conformity

A

Around 6 max out

91
Q

Cohesiveness

A

“we” feeling. how much a group feels bound together

92
Q

Normative vs Informational Influence

A

Normative: group pressure. emotional influence to gain acceptance or fit in

Informational: conformity by accepting evidence

93
Q

Personality traits that predict conformity (in big 5)

A

Agreeableness and Conscientiousness

94
Q

Reactance

A

Motive to protect own autonomy. To not stick to a plan made for us by someone else.

95
Q

Do we want to be differnet?

A

we don’t want to be same as everyone, yet don’t want to not fit in.

reactance explains why we want to be unique

96
Q

Persuasion

A

Process where a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors

97
Q

Central route to persuasion

A

Focus on arguments.

98
Q

Peripheral route to persuasion

A

Incidental cues (like attractiveness) that lead to persuasion

99
Q

Which route to persuasion is more durable and stronger?

A

Central route. more thoughtful and enduring. induces behavior more.

100
Q

Sleeper effect

A

We discount a message initially, but forget why. This message later becomes effective when we forget.

101
Q

Attractiveness

A

Qualities that appeal an audience

102
Q

On what matters does attractiveness appeal most for persuasion?

A

Subjective preference matters

103
Q

Similarity and attractiveness

A

Simliarity is a form of attrativeness. we like people who are similar.

104
Q

Which type of people do central route to persuasion matter more?

A

Well-educated, interested, thoughtful people

105
Q

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A

People who agree to small request will later comply with large

106
Q

Lowball technique

A

Agree to initial request will later comply when upping the request.

107
Q

Door-in-the-face technique

A

Start with huge request and go to reasonable request

108
Q

Two-step flow of communicaction

A

Media influence occurs through opinion leaders, who influence others.

109
Q

For a difficult message, which channel of communication is most effective?

A

Written

110
Q

For an easy message, which channel of communication is most effective?

A

Video

111
Q

life cycle vs generational explanation of differing attitudes between generations

A

life cycle: attitudes change as people grow

generational: attitudes stay the same, but are different in generation gap

generational is supported more.

112
Q

Need for cognition

A

Motivation to think and analyze

113
Q

Attitude inoculation

A

Expose poeple to weak attacks, so there will be refutations when stronger attacks come.

helps strengthen attitudes

114
Q

Group

A

2 or more people who interact and influence one another

115
Q

Social facilitation effect

A

strengthening of dominant (prevenlant) responses when others are present

116
Q

Evaluation Apprehension

A

Concern for how others are evaluating us

117
Q

Social Loafing

A

Tendency for people to exert less effort when in group than individually

118
Q

Deindividuation

A

Loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension

119
Q

When’s deindividuation most likely?

A

Large group, anonymous, and aroused/distracted

120
Q

Group polarization

A

more extreme views after being in group discussion with same views.

groups intensify beliefs

121
Q

Pluralistic ignorance

A

False impression of what others are thinking or feeling.

122
Q

2 influences that make group polarization happen

A

informative

normative: (social comparison and removal of pluralistic ignorance)

123
Q

Groupthink

A

When a group agrees, so they don’t try to reason

124
Q

determinants of minority influence

A

Consistency, persistence, confidence, defection

125
Q

Types of leadership

A

Task leadership: organizes work, standards, goals

Social leadership: builds teamwork, mediates conflict, support

Transformational leadership: leader’s vision and inspiration that changes workforce

126
Q

Prejudice

A

Preconceived negative judgement of group and individual members

127
Q

Stereotype

A

Beliefs individuals based on beliefs about attributes of a group. (generalized beliefs)

128
Q

Discrimination

A

Unjustified BEHAVIOR toward a group

129
Q

Main forms of prejudice

A

Racial, Gender, LGBTQ

130
Q

Social dominance orientation

A

Trait that motivate’s one to have their group dominate other social groups

131
Q

Authoritarian personality

A

Personality prediposed to favor obedience and authority; intolerance of outgroups and lower status

132
Q

Social sources of prejudice

A

Inequality, Personalities, Social instituations

133
Q

Realistic Group Conflict Theory

A

Prejudice arises from competition for scarce resources

134
Q

Social Identity Theory

A

we categorize self-identity into groups. “we” aspect and comparing to others (ingroup vs. outgroup)

135
Q

Ingroup bias

A

tendency to favor one’s own group

136
Q

Does ingroup liking involve outgroup disliking?

A

Yep,\

137
Q

What does frustration do that leads to prejudice?

A

Breeds hostility, leading vent on scapegoats like competing groups

138
Q

Outgroup homogeneity effect

A

Tendency to believe that people of outgroup is similar to each other while ingroup is diverse.

139
Q

Own-race bias

A

Can better identify faces of own race

140
Q

Distinctiveness and illusory correlations

A

Distinctiveness feeds illusory correlations

141
Q

Group-serving bias

A

Explain away outgroup members’ postive, attribute negative to their dispositions

142
Q

Just-world phenomenon

A

belief that people get what they deserve

143
Q

Subtyping

A

Thinking of people as exceptions to rule in stereotype

144
Q

Subgrouping

A

Making new stereotype about subset of a group

145
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

Diminished performance due to fear of being judged based on negative stereotype

146
Q

social aggression

A

hurting someone else’s feelings or threating their relationships

147
Q

hostile aggression

A

aggression from anger

148
Q

instrumental aggression

A

aggression for purpose of something else. means to an end

149
Q

Frustration-aggression theory

A

Theory that frustration triggers readiness to aggress

150
Q

Frustration

A

blocking of goal-directed behavior

151
Q

Displacement theory

A

redirection of aggression to a target other than source

152
Q

Relative deprivation

A

Having less when compared to others, leading to aggression

153
Q

Social learning theory

A

theory that we learn social behavior by observation and imitation; award and punishment (eg. bandura)

154
Q

Instinct view of aggression

A

innate form of aggression

little evidence

155
Q

factors that lead to aggression

A

aversive experiences, arousal, cues, media

156
Q

Catharsis

A

doesn’t work. expressing anger does not reduce it.

157
Q

Social learning appraoch to reduce aggression

A

reward and model nonaggression, elicit reactions incompatible with aggression

158
Q

Ostracism

A

Acts of excluding or ignoring

159
Q

Proximity

A

Nearness

160
Q

Functional distance

A

how often paths cross

161
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

Repeated exposure breeds likeness

162
Q

Matching phenomenon

A

Men and women choose partners who are a good match in attractiveness and other traits

163
Q

Physical-attractiveness stereotype

A

Presumption that physically attractive people have other good traits too

164
Q

Pornography effects on rating others’ attractiveness (what phenomenon?)

A

rates average and own wife less attractive.

social comparison phenomenon

165
Q

Complementarity

is it true?

A

Tendency to complete what’s missing in the other.

opposites don’t attract. likeness better predictor of liking. but complementarity might happen over time.

166
Q

Ingratiation

A

Use of strategies to gain another’s favor

167
Q

Reward theory of attraction

A

We like those whose behavior is rewarding to us. or who we associate good events with

168
Q

best predictor of whether 2 people are friends

A

proximity

169
Q

Two factor theory of emotion

A

ANY arousal intensifies feelings

170
Q

Passionate vs Companionate love

A

Passionate is the fire. ecstasy.

companionate comes after.

171
Q

Secure vs Avoidant vs Anxious attachment

A

secure: trust and intimacy
avoidant: discomfort over being close. insecure
anxious: clingy and cry when leave. insecure

172
Q

Equity in a relationship

A

outcomes people receive are proportionate to what they put in

173
Q

Perceived equity importance in relationship

A

satisfied in marriage when perceived equity is high

174
Q

Self-disclosure

A

Revealing intimate aspects of self

175
Q

Disclosure reciprocity effect

A

Disclosure begets disclosure

176
Q

Why do relationships end?

A

Individualistic thinking: feelings over commitment.

Communication styles

177
Q

Altruism

A

helping others with no conscious regard of self-interests

178
Q

social-exchange theory

A

all our interactions are transactions to max benefits and min costs

179
Q

are happy people helpful?

A

yes

180
Q

reciprocity norm

A

expectation that people will give back to those who helped

181
Q

social capital

A

supportive cooperation in social network

182
Q

social-responsibility norm

A

We should help. eg. when someone drops book, we should help pick it.

183
Q

Kin selection and helping

A

Altruism for similar people to enhance survival of genes

184
Q

Reciprocity in evolutionary view

A

If fail to reciprocate, you get punished.

185
Q

Group selection (evolutionary)

A

mutually supportive altruists outlast groups of non-altruists

186
Q

2 routes to helping

A

egoistic and altruistic

187
Q

After wrongdoing, do people help more?

A

Yep

188
Q

Most evolutionary psychologists believe we are naturally selfish or not?

A

selfish.

189
Q

Bystander effect

A

person is less likely to help when there are others around

190
Q

3 reasons for bystander effect

A

fail to notice, fail to interpret as emergency, fail to assume responsibility

191
Q

what will promote helping?

A

When observed someone else is helping. When we perceive someone as similar to us.

192
Q

How does hurry affect helping

A

Little spare time promotes helping

193
Q

Traits of people who will help

A

Agreeableness

194
Q

Gender and helping (situation differences)

A

men help more when dangerous situation, women more volunteering

195
Q

Religious faith and giving

A

predictor of altruism. volunteer and more charity

Social Psych 3310 (13 decks)

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