UNIT 1: BASIC CONCEPTS Flashcards
First phase of the digestive process
INGESTION
The first phase of digestive process occurs in the
MOUTH
Second phase of the digestive process
DIGESTION
Occurs when digestive enzymes and secretions mix with ingested food
DIGESTION
In this phase macronutrients (PFC) are broken down into their component smaller molecules
DIGESTION
Second phase of digestive process occur in the
Stomach
Third phase of the digestive process
ABSORPTION
Occurs when small molecules, vitamins, and minerals pass through the walls of the small and large intestine and into the bloodstream
ABSORPTION
Third phase of digestive process occurs in the
Small Intestine
Fourth phase of the digestive process
TRANSPORT
In what phase distribution of nutrients in the body takes place
TRANSPORT
The last phase of digestive process
ELIMINATION
Occurs after digestion and absorption, when waste products are evacuated from the body
ELIMINATION
A gastric enzyme that is important in protein digestion in the stomach
PEPSIN
A pancreatic enzyme that aids in the digestion of protein in the small intestine
TRYPSIN
A pancreatic enzyme that aids in the digestion of fats
LIPASE
A pancreatic enzyme that aids in the digestion of Carbohydrates
AMYLASE
A salivary amylase / Enzyme that aids in the digestion of Carbohydrates
PTYALIN
Acid secreted by the glands in the stomach
HCL
Mixes with chyme to break it down into absorbable molecules and to aid in the destruction of bacteria
HCL
A gastric secretion that combines with Vitamin B12 so that the vitamin can be absorbed
INTRINSIC FACTOR
Produced by the liver and stored in the Gallbladder that helps in emulsifying fats
BILE
Collapsible tube connecting the mouth to the stomach, through which food passes as it is ingested
ESOPHAGUS
Distensible pouch into which the food bolus passes to be digested by gastric enzymes
STOMACH
Longest portion of the GI tract
SMALL INTESTINE
Three parts of small intestine
DUODENUM
JEJUNUM
ILEUM
Through which food mixed with all secretions and enzymes passes as it continues to be digested and begins to be absorbed into the bloodstream
SMALL INTESTINE
The portion of the GI tract into which waste material from the small intestine passes as absorption continues and elimination begins
LARGE INTESTINE
Parts of large intestine
ASCENDING
TRANSVERSE
DESCENDING
SIGMOID. OLIN
RECTUM
Last section of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
ANUS
Outlet for waste products from the GI system
ANUS
Secretes HCL acid and produces intrinsic factors
PARIETAL CELLS
Responsible for production of pepsinogen
CHIEF CELLS
Responsible for the production of mucus (protects the stomach against acid)
NECK CELLS
Sum total of all the body’s physical and chemical processes
METABOLISM
Building up of more complex biochemical substances or synthesis of nutrients
ANABOLISM
CATABOLISM OR ANABOLISM?
Glycogenesis
ANABOLISM
Break down of biochemical substances into simplier substances
CATABOLISM
CATABOLISM OR ANABOLISM?
Glycogenolysis
CATABOLISM
Process of extracting energy from carbohydrates that uses oxygen
AEROBIC METABOLISM
End product of Aerobic Metabolism
CARBON DIOXIDE, WATER, HEAT (ATP)
Creation of energy through burning of carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen
ANAEROBIC METABOLISM
End product of anaerobic metabolism
LACTIC ACID
Mixture of food with saliva, salivary enzymes, and gastric secretions that is produced as food passes through the mouth, esophagus, and stomach
CHYME
Capacity to do work
ENERGY
Measurement for energy
HEAT
Preferred Unit for Energy Measurement
KCAL
Number of calories the body needs to accomplish its most basic (basal) life-sustaining functions
BMR
Complex organic compounds are broken to simpler forms before absorption and use for energy
NUTRIENTS
Refers to indigestion
DYSPEPSIA
Common cause of dyspepsia
FATTY FOODS
Requirements to maintain internal balance
ADEQUATE NUTRIENT SUPPLY
NORMAL FUNCTIONING OF BODY SYSTEM
Predisposing factor affecting BMR when it comes to sex
MALE
If body surface area increase, the BMR also
INCREASES
BMR in elderly people
DECREASES
BMR in children
INCREASES
Hormones that regulate cellular metabolism
Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine
If thyroid hormones decreases, the BMR
Decreases
If thyroid hormone increase, the BMR
Increases
If temperature increases, the BMR
INCREASES
If muscular activity increase, the BMR
INCREASES
If muscular activity decreases, the BMR
DECREASES
Activity level is expresses as
Metabolic Equivalent of a Task (METs)
Factors affecting BMR
SEX
AGE
BSA
HORMONES
NUTRITIONAL STATE
ENVIRONMENT
DISEASE
ACTIVITY LEVEL
Factors determining energy needs
BMR
ACTIVITY LEVEL
ENERGY FOR DIGESTION
Size of GI tract
7-7.9 m
Artery that supply oxygen and nutrients to the stomach
GASTRIC ARTERY
Artery that supply oxygen and nutrients to the intestine
MESENTERIC ARTERY
Total percent of blood flow to the GI tract
20% of cardiac output
exert an inhibitory effect on the GI tract,
decreasing gastric secretion and motility and causing the sphincters and blood vessels to constrict
SYMPATHETIC NERVE
In fight or flight system
PERISTALSIS DECREASED
CONSTIPATION
DRY
In rest and Digest system
PERISTALSIS INCREASED
DIARRHEA
WET
stimulation of this nerves causes peristalsis and increases secretory activities
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVE
An opening wherein esophagus passes through
DIAPHRAGMATIC HIATUS
Size of esphagus
25 cm
Stomach is situated in what quadrant
LUQ
Capacity of the stomach
1500 ml
It is where foods are stored during eating, secretes digestive fluids, and propels the partially
STOMACH
The entrance of the stomach is called
CARDIA
Outlet of the stomach is called
PYLORUS
controls the opening between the stomach and the small intestine
PYLORIC SPINCHTER
The inlet to the stomach
GASTROESOPHAGEAL JUNTION
Most proximal section of small intestine
DUODENUM
Distal section of small intestine
ILEUM
valve, or sphincter, controls the flow of digested material from the ileum into the cecal portion of the large intestine and prevents reflux of bacteria into the small intestine
ILEOCECAL VALVE
Approximately how much of saliva is secreted daily from the parotid, the submaxillary, and sublingual gland
1.5 L
Covers the tracheal opening and prevent aspiration of food into the lungs
Epiglottis
is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the esophagus to the stomach
Esophageal Peristalsis
Food remains in the stomach for about
30 minutes to several hrs
PH level of acidic fluid secreted by the stomach
1
end product of the conversion of pepsinogen
PEPSIN
Low intrinsic factor can result to
PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
High HCL can lead to
ULCER/BLEEDING
Sign of Pernicious anemia
RED BEEFY TONGUE
Pancreatic secretions have what Ph
ALKALINE
The alkalinity of pancreatic secretion is due to
HIGH LEVEL OF BICARBONATE
Controls the flow of bile
SPHINCTER OF ODDI
Two types of contractions occur regularly in the small intestine
SEGMENTATION
INTESTINAL PERISTALSIS
produce mixing waves that move the
intestinal contents back and forth in a churning motion
SEGMENTATION CONTRACTION
propels the contents of the small intestine toward the colon
INTESTINAL PERISTALSIS
Chyme stays in the small intestine for
3-6 hrs
Major function of small intestine
ABSORPTION
What are absorbed in the jejunum
PFCCS
What are absorbed in the throughout small intestine
MagPhoPo
Mechanism of absorption wherein solutes moves from higher concentration to lower concentration
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
Mechanism of absorption wherein solutes need to have carrier to transport
CARRIER-FACILITATED DIFUSSION
Mechanism of absorption wherein it uses energy for transport
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Mechanism of absorption wherein molecules are engulf
PINOCYTOSIS
Lipid droplet
CHYLOMICRONS
Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed as _____ in the small intestine
MIXED MICELLES
a major component of the contents of the large intestine, assist in completing the breakdown of waste material, especially of undigested or unabsorbed proteins and bile salts
GUT MICROBES
Two types of colonic secretion
ELECTROLYTES
MUCUS
protects the colonic mucosa from the intraluminal contents and provides adherence for the fecal mass
MUCUS
Fecal matter is about
75% fluid and 25% solid material
The brown color of the feces results from the breakdown of
BILE
are responsible in large part for the
fecal odor
CHEMICALS FORMED BY BACTERIA
Most common symptom of patients with GI dysfunction
DYSPEPSIA
Intestinal gas may be symptoms of
FOOD INTOLERANCE
GALLBLADDER DISEASE
acute onset of emesis that appears bright red or as coffee grounds
MALLORY WEISS TEAR
Indicates laceration of Mucosal Lining and Upper GI bleeding
MALLORY WEISS TEAR
an abnormal increase in the frequency and liquidity of the stool
DIARRHEA
decrease in the frequency of stool, or stools that are hard, dry, and of smaller volume than typical
CONSTIPATION
Tarry black color stool
MELENA
Light gray or clay colored stool is caused by
Decreased conjugated bilirubin
Bright red color stool
HEMATOCHEZIA
Acholic stool may be caused by
OBSTRUCTION OF BILE
Greasy stool
STEATORRHEA
a bluish discoloration (bruised) around the navel. A sign of pancreatitis
CULLEN’s sign
Normal bowel sound
HUGH PITCHED
GURGLING EVERY 5-34 mins
Decreased bowel sound
PARALYTIC ILEUS
Increased bowel sound
BORBORYGMUS
Absent Bowel sound
PERITONITIS
PARALYTIC ILEUS
Bruits vascular sound
Narrowing or obstruction of blood vessels
Peritoneal friction rub vascular sound
HEPATIC ABCESS, INFECTION IN LIVER
Rebound tenderness
RUPTURED APPENDICITIS
PERITONITIS
MURPHY’s sign
Gallbladder
Acute CHOLECYSTITIS
MURPHY’s Punch
Kidney
Polynephritis
Basic fuel nutrients of our body
PFC
Spontaneous passive transport of molecule via membrane of proteins
CARRIER-FACILITATED DIFUSSION
Facilitate the absorption of fat and fat soluble vitamins
CHYLOMICRONS
Indication of upper gastrointestinal bleeding
MELENA (BLACK TARRY STOOL)
Nausea and Vomiting + Diarrhea
ACUTE GASTRO ENTERITIS (INFECTION)
May lead to increased risk for infection and decrease in physical and mental development
UNDERNITRITION
May lead to obesity as wellas to metabolic syndrome or type 2 Diabetes
OVERNUTIRITIOM
Powerful factor for health and well being
OPTIMAL NUTRITION STATUS
Order of Physical Examination
INSPECTION
AUSCULTATION
PERCUSSION
PALPATION
Inflamation or infection gums
GINGIVITIS
White patches on mucosa
CANDIDIASIS (ORAL THRUSH)
White patches + Red patches on mucosa
MALIGNANT THROAT
Normal sound upon percussion of abdomen
TYMPANY
Pain felt after palpation
REBOUND TENDERNESS
Upon inhalation, patient feel pain once the live touches the examiner’s hand upon palpation
MURPHY’s SIGN
Pain felt when examiner palpate the back of patient underlying the kidney
MURPHY’s PUNCH
Position for Digital Rectal Exam
Left lateral position
Knee chest position
What to instruct patient upon digital rectal exam
Bear down
Screening tool for colon cancer
CARCINO EMBRYONIC ANTIGEN (CEA)
Screening tool for liver cancer
ALPHA FETOPROTEIN (AFP)
Screening tool for Pancreatic Cancer
Ca 19-9
Check for presence of blood in the stool
FECAL OCCULT BLOOD TEST (FOBT)
What to instruct patient prior to FOBT
Avoid
RED MEAT
ASPIRIN
NSAIDS
VITAMIN C
Fecal leukocytes indicates
Severe infection in GI tract
Two breathe test
HYDROGEN
UREA
Used to assess for presence of fermenting bacteria in the GI Tract
HYDROGEN BREATHE TEST
What is administered to patient prior to Hydrogen breath test
GALACTOSE
If positive, presence of hydrogen is noted on the breath of patient
Use to assess the presence of H.Pylori
UREA BREATH TEST
What is given to patient prior urea breath test
CARBON LABELED UREA
Positive result, urea will become carbon dioxide
H.Pylori is capable of breaking down urea
Medication on hold for patient undergoing Urea Breath Test
BISMUTH
ANTIBIOTICS
SUCRALFATE
H2 receptor
OMEPRAZOLE
BASHO
How many hours should patient be in NPO prior to Abdominal ultrasound
8-12 hrs
Patient should reduce what diet prior to abdominal ultrasound
FAT
Ultrasound don through an endoscope
ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Patient undergoing Endoscopic Ultrasonography is under what type pf sedation
MODERATE
Used to evaluate gastric cancer, lactose dificiency, IBD, and colon cancer
DNA TESTING
Use for inflammatory condition
CT SCAN
Prior to CT Scan what to asses?
Pregnancy status
Allergy
Kidney function
Produce 3D images of the system
MRI
Prior to MRI patient should be in NPO for
6-8 hrs
Uses radio nuclear isotopes that is not harmful to the body. Uses fr early detection of abnormal growth in the body
SCINTIGRAPHY
Through a CT A 3D image of colon is made that can be used to evaluate the specific organs
VIRTUAL COLONOSCOPY
Upper GI tract Study
FIBROSCOPY
BARIUM SWALLOW
Lower GU tract Studies
Barium enema
Prior to Barium swallow procedure
Patient is placed on clear liquid diet
No smoking
No chewing of gums
NPO post midnight
Prior to barium enema
Cleanse the bowel
No residue diet (Decreases fiber and fats) 1-2 days
Clear liquid diet
Laxatives night prior
NPO Post midnight
Prior to fibroscopy or EGD the patient is NPO for
8hrs
Medication prior to Fibrscopy/ EGD
MAG
