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MEDICAL SURGICAL > UNIT 1: BASIC CONCEPTS > Flashcards

UNIT 1: BASIC CONCEPTS Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

First phase of the digestive process

A

INGESTION

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2
Q

The first phase of digestive process occurs in the

A

MOUTH

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3
Q

Second phase of the digestive process

A

DIGESTION

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4
Q

Occurs when digestive enzymes and secretions mix with ingested food

A

DIGESTION

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5
Q

In this phase macronutrients (PFC) are broken down into their component smaller molecules

A

DIGESTION

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6
Q

Second phase of digestive process occur in the

A

Stomach

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7
Q

Third phase of the digestive process

A

ABSORPTION

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8
Q

Occurs when small molecules, vitamins, and minerals pass through the walls of the small and large intestine and into the bloodstream

A

ABSORPTION

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9
Q

Third phase of digestive process occurs in the

A

Small Intestine

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10
Q

Fourth phase of the digestive process

A

TRANSPORT

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11
Q

In what phase distribution of nutrients in the body takes place

A

TRANSPORT

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12
Q

The last phase of digestive process

A

ELIMINATION

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13
Q

Occurs after digestion and absorption, when waste products are evacuated from the body

A

ELIMINATION

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14
Q

A gastric enzyme that is important in protein digestion in the stomach

A

PEPSIN

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15
Q

A pancreatic enzyme that aids in the digestion of protein in the small intestine

A

TRYPSIN

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16
Q

A pancreatic enzyme that aids in the digestion of fats

A

LIPASE

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17
Q

A pancreatic enzyme that aids in the digestion of Carbohydrates

A

AMYLASE

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18
Q

A salivary amylase / Enzyme that aids in the digestion of Carbohydrates

A

PTYALIN

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19
Q

Acid secreted by the glands in the stomach

A

HCL

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20
Q

Mixes with chyme to break it down into absorbable molecules and to aid in the destruction of bacteria

A

HCL

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21
Q

A gastric secretion that combines with Vitamin B12 so that the vitamin can be absorbed

A

INTRINSIC FACTOR

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22
Q

Produced by the liver and stored in the Gallbladder that helps in emulsifying fats

A

BILE

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23
Q

Collapsible tube connecting the mouth to the stomach, through which food passes as it is ingested

A

ESOPHAGUS

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24
Q

Distensible pouch into which the food bolus passes to be digested by gastric enzymes

A

STOMACH

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25
Q

Longest portion of the GI tract

A

SMALL INTESTINE

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26
Q

Three parts of small intestine

A

DUODENUM
JEJUNUM
ILEUM

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27
Q

Through which food mixed with all secretions and enzymes passes as it continues to be digested and begins to be absorbed into the bloodstream

A

SMALL INTESTINE

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28
Q

The portion of the GI tract into which waste material from the small intestine passes as absorption continues and elimination begins

A

LARGE INTESTINE

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29
Q

Parts of large intestine

A

ASCENDING
TRANSVERSE
DESCENDING
SIGMOID. OLIN
RECTUM

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30
Q

Last section of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract

A

ANUS

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31
Q

Outlet for waste products from the GI system

A

ANUS

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32
Q

Secretes HCL acid and produces intrinsic factors

A

PARIETAL CELLS

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33
Q

Responsible for production of pepsinogen

A

CHIEF CELLS

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34
Q

Responsible for the production of mucus (protects the stomach against acid)

A

NECK CELLS

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35
Q

Sum total of all the body’s physical and chemical processes

A

METABOLISM

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36
Q

Building up of more complex biochemical substances or synthesis of nutrients

A

ANABOLISM

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37
Q

CATABOLISM OR ANABOLISM?
Glycogenesis

A

ANABOLISM

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38
Q

Break down of biochemical substances into simplier substances

A

CATABOLISM

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39
Q

CATABOLISM OR ANABOLISM?
Glycogenolysis

A

CATABOLISM

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40
Q

Process of extracting energy from carbohydrates that uses oxygen

A

AEROBIC METABOLISM

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41
Q

End product of Aerobic Metabolism

A

CARBON DIOXIDE, WATER, HEAT (ATP)

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42
Q

Creation of energy through burning of carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen

A

ANAEROBIC METABOLISM

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43
Q

End product of anaerobic metabolism

A

LACTIC ACID

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44
Q

Mixture of food with saliva, salivary enzymes, and gastric secretions that is produced as food passes through the mouth, esophagus, and stomach

A

CHYME

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45
Q

Capacity to do work

A

ENERGY

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46
Q

Measurement for energy

A

HEAT

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47
Q

Preferred Unit for Energy Measurement

A

KCAL

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48
Q

Number of calories the body needs to accomplish its most basic (basal) life-sustaining functions

A

BMR

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49
Q

Complex organic compounds are broken to simpler forms before absorption and use for energy

A

NUTRIENTS

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50
Q

Refers to indigestion

A

DYSPEPSIA

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51
Q

Common cause of dyspepsia

A

FATTY FOODS

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52
Q

Requirements to maintain internal balance

A

ADEQUATE NUTRIENT SUPPLY
NORMAL FUNCTIONING OF BODY SYSTEM

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53
Q

Predisposing factor affecting BMR when it comes to sex

A

MALE

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54
Q

If body surface area increase, the BMR also

A

INCREASES

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55
Q

BMR in elderly people

A

DECREASES

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56
Q

BMR in children

A

INCREASES

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57
Q

Hormones that regulate cellular metabolism

A

Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine

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58
Q

If thyroid hormones decreases, the BMR

A

Decreases

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59
Q

If thyroid hormone increase, the BMR

A

Increases

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60
Q

If temperature increases, the BMR

A

INCREASES

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61
Q

If muscular activity increase, the BMR

A

INCREASES

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62
Q

If muscular activity decreases, the BMR

A

DECREASES

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63
Q

Activity level is expresses as

A

Metabolic Equivalent of a Task (METs)

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64
Q

Factors affecting BMR

A

SEX
AGE
BSA
HORMONES
NUTRITIONAL STATE
ENVIRONMENT
DISEASE
ACTIVITY LEVEL

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65
Q

Factors determining energy needs

A

BMR
ACTIVITY LEVEL
ENERGY FOR DIGESTION

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66
Q

Size of GI tract

A

7-7.9 m

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67
Q

Artery that supply oxygen and nutrients to the stomach

A

GASTRIC ARTERY

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68
Q

Artery that supply oxygen and nutrients to the intestine

A

MESENTERIC ARTERY

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69
Q

Total percent of blood flow to the GI tract

A

20% of cardiac output

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70
Q

exert an inhibitory effect on the GI tract,
decreasing gastric secretion and motility and causing the sphincters and blood vessels to constrict

A

SYMPATHETIC NERVE

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71
Q

In fight or flight system

A

PERISTALSIS DECREASED
CONSTIPATION
DRY

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72
Q

In rest and Digest system

A

PERISTALSIS INCREASED
DIARRHEA
WET

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73
Q

stimulation of this nerves causes peristalsis and increases secretory activities

A

PARASYMPATHETIC NERVE

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74
Q

An opening wherein esophagus passes through

A

DIAPHRAGMATIC HIATUS

75
Q

Size of esphagus

A

25 cm

76
Q

Stomach is situated in what quadrant

A

LUQ

77
Q

Capacity of the stomach

A

1500 ml

78
Q

It is where foods are stored during eating, secretes digestive fluids, and propels the partially

A

STOMACH

79
Q

The entrance of the stomach is called

A

CARDIA

80
Q

Outlet of the stomach is called

A

PYLORUS

81
Q

controls the opening between the stomach and the small intestine

A

PYLORIC SPINCHTER

82
Q

The inlet to the stomach

A

GASTROESOPHAGEAL JUNTION

83
Q

Most proximal section of small intestine

A

DUODENUM

84
Q

Distal section of small intestine

A

ILEUM

85
Q

valve, or sphincter, controls the flow of digested material from the ileum into the cecal portion of the large intestine and prevents reflux of bacteria into the small intestine

A

ILEOCECAL VALVE

86
Q

Approximately how much of saliva is secreted daily from the parotid, the submaxillary, and sublingual gland

A

1.5 L

87
Q

Covers the tracheal opening and prevent aspiration of food into the lungs

A

Epiglottis

88
Q

is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the esophagus to the stomach

A

Esophageal Peristalsis

89
Q

Food remains in the stomach for about

A

30 minutes to several hrs

90
Q

PH level of acidic fluid secreted by the stomach

A

1

91
Q

end product of the conversion of pepsinogen

A

PEPSIN

92
Q

Low intrinsic factor can result to

A

PERNICIOUS ANEMIA

93
Q

High HCL can lead to

A

ULCER/BLEEDING

94
Q

Sign of Pernicious anemia

A

RED BEEFY TONGUE

95
Q

Pancreatic secretions have what Ph

A

ALKALINE

96
Q

The alkalinity of pancreatic secretion is due to

A

HIGH LEVEL OF BICARBONATE

97
Q

Controls the flow of bile

A

SPHINCTER OF ODDI

98
Q

Two types of contractions occur regularly in the small intestine

A

SEGMENTATION
INTESTINAL PERISTALSIS

99
Q

produce mixing waves that move the
intestinal contents back and forth in a churning motion

A

SEGMENTATION CONTRACTION

100
Q

propels the contents of the small intestine toward the colon

A

INTESTINAL PERISTALSIS

101
Q

Chyme stays in the small intestine for

A

3-6 hrs

102
Q

Major function of small intestine

A

ABSORPTION

103
Q

What are absorbed in the jejunum

A

PFCCS

104
Q

What are absorbed in the throughout small intestine

A

MagPhoPo

105
Q

Mechanism of absorption wherein solutes moves from higher concentration to lower concentration

A

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

106
Q

Mechanism of absorption wherein solutes need to have carrier to transport

A

CARRIER-FACILITATED DIFUSSION

107
Q

Mechanism of absorption wherein it uses energy for transport

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

108
Q

Mechanism of absorption wherein molecules are engulf

A

PINOCYTOSIS

109
Q

Lipid droplet

A

CHYLOMICRONS

110
Q

Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed as _____ in the small intestine

A

MIXED MICELLES

111
Q

a major component of the contents of the large intestine, assist in completing the breakdown of waste material, especially of undigested or unabsorbed proteins and bile salts

A

GUT MICROBES

112
Q

Two types of colonic secretion

A

ELECTROLYTES
MUCUS

113
Q

protects the colonic mucosa from the intraluminal contents and provides adherence for the fecal mass

A

MUCUS

114
Q

Fecal matter is about

A

75% fluid and 25% solid material

115
Q

The brown color of the feces results from the breakdown of

A

BILE

116
Q

are responsible in large part for the
fecal odor

A

CHEMICALS FORMED BY BACTERIA

117
Q

Most common symptom of patients with GI dysfunction

A

DYSPEPSIA

118
Q

Intestinal gas may be symptoms of

A

FOOD INTOLERANCE
GALLBLADDER DISEASE

119
Q

acute onset of emesis that appears bright red or as coffee grounds

A

MALLORY WEISS TEAR

120
Q

Indicates laceration of Mucosal Lining and Upper GI bleeding

A

MALLORY WEISS TEAR

121
Q

an abnormal increase in the frequency and liquidity of the stool

A

DIARRHEA

122
Q

decrease in the frequency of stool, or stools that are hard, dry, and of smaller volume than typical

A

CONSTIPATION

123
Q

Tarry black color stool

A

MELENA

124
Q

Light gray or clay colored stool is caused by

A

Decreased conjugated bilirubin

125
Q

Bright red color stool

A

HEMATOCHEZIA

126
Q

Acholic stool may be caused by

A

OBSTRUCTION OF BILE

127
Q

Greasy stool

A

STEATORRHEA

128
Q

a bluish discoloration (bruised) around the navel. A sign of pancreatitis

A

CULLEN’s sign

129
Q

Normal bowel sound

A

HUGH PITCHED
GURGLING EVERY 5-34 mins

130
Q

Decreased bowel sound

A

PARALYTIC ILEUS

131
Q

Increased bowel sound

A

BORBORYGMUS

132
Q

Absent Bowel sound

A

PERITONITIS
PARALYTIC ILEUS

133
Q

Bruits vascular sound

A

Narrowing or obstruction of blood vessels

134
Q

Peritoneal friction rub vascular sound

A

HEPATIC ABCESS, INFECTION IN LIVER

135
Q

Rebound tenderness

A

RUPTURED APPENDICITIS
PERITONITIS

136
Q

MURPHY’s sign

A

Gallbladder
Acute CHOLECYSTITIS

137
Q

MURPHY’s Punch

A

Kidney
Polynephritis

138
Q

Basic fuel nutrients of our body

A

PFC

139
Q

Spontaneous passive transport of molecule via membrane of proteins

A

CARRIER-FACILITATED DIFUSSION

140
Q

Facilitate the absorption of fat and fat soluble vitamins

A

CHYLOMICRONS

141
Q

Indication of upper gastrointestinal bleeding

A

MELENA (BLACK TARRY STOOL)

142
Q

Nausea and Vomiting + Diarrhea

A

ACUTE GASTRO ENTERITIS (INFECTION)

143
Q

May lead to increased risk for infection and decrease in physical and mental development

A

UNDERNITRITION

144
Q

May lead to obesity as wellas to metabolic syndrome or type 2 Diabetes

A

OVERNUTIRITIOM

145
Q

Powerful factor for health and well being

A

OPTIMAL NUTRITION STATUS

146
Q

Order of Physical Examination

A

INSPECTION
AUSCULTATION
PERCUSSION
PALPATION

147
Q

Inflamation or infection gums

A

GINGIVITIS

148
Q

White patches on mucosa

A

CANDIDIASIS (ORAL THRUSH)

149
Q

White patches + Red patches on mucosa

A

MALIGNANT THROAT

150
Q

Normal sound upon percussion of abdomen

A

TYMPANY

151
Q

Pain felt after palpation

A

REBOUND TENDERNESS

152
Q

Upon inhalation, patient feel pain once the live touches the examiner’s hand upon palpation

A

MURPHY’s SIGN

153
Q

Pain felt when examiner palpate the back of patient underlying the kidney

A

MURPHY’s PUNCH

154
Q

Position for Digital Rectal Exam

A

Left lateral position
Knee chest position

155
Q

What to instruct patient upon digital rectal exam

A

Bear down

156
Q

Screening tool for colon cancer

A

CARCINO EMBRYONIC ANTIGEN (CEA)

157
Q

Screening tool for liver cancer

A

ALPHA FETOPROTEIN (AFP)

158
Q

Screening tool for Pancreatic Cancer

A

Ca 19-9

159
Q

Check for presence of blood in the stool

A

FECAL OCCULT BLOOD TEST (FOBT)

160
Q

What to instruct patient prior to FOBT

A

Avoid
RED MEAT
ASPIRIN
NSAIDS
VITAMIN C

161
Q

Fecal leukocytes indicates

A

Severe infection in GI tract

162
Q

Two breathe test

A

HYDROGEN
UREA

163
Q

Used to assess for presence of fermenting bacteria in the GI Tract

A

HYDROGEN BREATHE TEST

164
Q

What is administered to patient prior to Hydrogen breath test

A

GALACTOSE

If positive, presence of hydrogen is noted on the breath of patient

165
Q

Use to assess the presence of H.Pylori

A

UREA BREATH TEST

166
Q

What is given to patient prior urea breath test

A

CARBON LABELED UREA

Positive result, urea will become carbon dioxide

H.Pylori is capable of breaking down urea

167
Q

Medication on hold for patient undergoing Urea Breath Test

A

BISMUTH
ANTIBIOTICS
SUCRALFATE
H2 receptor
OMEPRAZOLE

BASHO

168
Q

How many hours should patient be in NPO prior to Abdominal ultrasound

A

8-12 hrs

169
Q

Patient should reduce what diet prior to abdominal ultrasound

A

FAT

170
Q

Ultrasound don through an endoscope

A

ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY

171
Q

Patient undergoing Endoscopic Ultrasonography is under what type pf sedation

A

MODERATE

172
Q

Used to evaluate gastric cancer, lactose dificiency, IBD, and colon cancer

A

DNA TESTING

173
Q

Use for inflammatory condition

A

CT SCAN

174
Q

Prior to CT Scan what to asses?

A

Pregnancy status
Allergy
Kidney function

175
Q

Produce 3D images of the system

A

MRI

176
Q

Prior to MRI patient should be in NPO for

A

6-8 hrs

177
Q

Uses radio nuclear isotopes that is not harmful to the body. Uses fr early detection of abnormal growth in the body

A

SCINTIGRAPHY

178
Q

Through a CT A 3D image of colon is made that can be used to evaluate the specific organs

A

VIRTUAL COLONOSCOPY

179
Q

Upper GI tract Study

A

FIBROSCOPY
BARIUM SWALLOW

180
Q

Lower GU tract Studies

A

Barium enema

181
Q

Prior to Barium swallow procedure

A

Patient is placed on clear liquid diet
No smoking
No chewing of gums
NPO post midnight

182
Q

Prior to barium enema

A

Cleanse the bowel
No residue diet (Decreases fiber and fats) 1-2 days
Clear liquid diet
Laxatives night prior
NPO Post midnight

183
Q

Prior to fibroscopy or EGD the patient is NPO for

A

8hrs

184
Q

Medication prior to Fibrscopy/ EGD

A

MAG

MEDICAL SURGICAL (14 decks)

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