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MEDICAL SURGICAL > GERD > Flashcards

GERD Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Common disorder marked by backflow of gastric or duodenal contents into the esophagus

A

GASTRO-ESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD)

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2
Q

What is the main reason or cause of GERD

A

WEAKENING OF LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (LES)

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3
Q

GERD can result to inflammatory process in the lining of esophagus known as

A

REFLUX ESOPHAGITIS

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4
Q

What is the other name of GERD

A

REFLUX ESOPHAGITIS

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5
Q

HallmarK of GERD

A

REFLUX ESOPHAGITIS

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6
Q

Common risk factor of GERD wherein↑Abdominal fat tissues result in↑ pressure in the abdomen and thus leads to reflux

A

OBESITY

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7
Q

Common risk factor of GERD wherein The protrusion of a portion of the stomach through the hiatus can affect the normal mechanisms of esophageal clearance, making it easier for stomach contents, including acid, to reflux into the esophagus

A

HIATAL HERNIA

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8
Q

Common risk factor wherein ↑pressure in the abdomen due to growing baby can cause reflux

A

PREGNANCY

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9
Q

Common risk factor which is also a complication of Diabetes

A

DIABETIC GASTROPATHY

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10
Q

Refers to a condition wherein due to prolonged high level of blood sugar, tissues of stomach are affected thus resulting to the damage in the gastric walls leading to delayed gastric emptying and weakened LES

A

DIABETIC GASTROPHY

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11
Q

Common risk factor that has the tendency to relax the LES

A

ASTHMA

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12
Q

Results to cutaneous and GI damages + Impair swallowing

A

Connective tissue Disorder (RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS)

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13
Q

Characterized by presence of acid-producing tumors in the stomach

A

ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME

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14
Q

Common risk factor wherein Growing tumors that can produce acid can cause excess acid and result to reflux

A

ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME

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15
Q

Narrowing of pylorus (Pyloric sphincter)

A

PYLORIC STENOSIS

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16
Q

Common risk factor wherein the gastric content cannot go to small intestine due to the narrowing of pyloric sphincter

A

PYLORIC STENOSIS

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17
Q

Common risk factor wherein it causes slow, decrease, or absent movement of esophagus and small intestine

A

MOTILITY DISORDER

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18
Q

This position increases possibility of reflux

A

BENDING OR STOOPING

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19
Q

Foods that relaxes LES

A

(FSC)

FATTY FOODS
SPICY FOODS
CAFFEINE

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20
Q

Drugs that can relax LES

A

(BBCNX)

BENZODIAZEPINE
BETA BLOCKER
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER
NITRATES
XANTHINES

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21
Q

Foods that can increase acid production

A

(ACT)

ALCOHOL
COFFEE
TOBACCO

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22
Q

Is high predisposing factor to gastritis, PUD, and GERD

A

HELICOBACTER PYLORI

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23
Q

A condition wherein the cell of the esophagus changes from squamous to columnar lined epithelium due to constant exposure to acid. It is usually a premalignant state and a predisposing factor to esophageal cancer

A

BARRETT’s ESOPHAGUS (SYNDROME)

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24
Q

Hall mark symptom of GERD

A

PYROSIS (HEARTBURN)

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25
Q

Symptoms of GERD that is characterize by Diffiulty swallowing

A

DYSPHAGIA

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26
Q

Symptom of GERD that is characterize by Painful swallowing

A

ODYNOPHAGIA

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27
Q

An imaging test that uses barium and X-rays to create images of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract

A

BARIUM SWALLOW

28
Q

used to evaluate damage to the esophageal mucosa and rule out strictures and hernias

A

BARIUM SWALLOW

29
Q

Visualization of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum using a camera held on to a flexible tube called endoscope

A

ENDOSCOPY (ESOPHAGOGASTRODUODENOSCOPY)

30
Q

Gold standard for the diagnosis of GERD

A

AMBULATORY PH MONITORING

31
Q

involves transnasal catheter placement or endoscopic wireless capsule
placement for approximately 24 -36 hours

A

AMBULATORY PH MONITORING

32
Q

monitor spikes of regurgitation

A

AMBULATORY PH MONITORING

33
Q

done to reproduce the pain (heartburn) when the lower esophagus is irrigated with an acid (Mild hydrochloric acid + saline or salt ) solution in people with GERD

A

BERNSTEIN TEST (ACID PERFUSION TEST)

34
Q

How long is the Bernstein test

A

30 mins

35
Q

How long is the Ambulatory Ph monitoring

A

24-36 hrs

36
Q

How many time should client with GERD eat?

A

4-6 TIMES/DAY

37
Q

Client with GERD should elevate the head of the bed at

A

6-8 INCHES

38
Q

Client with GERD should sleep in what position

A

LEFT LATERAL POSITION

39
Q

What is the diet of clients with GERD

A

↓PROTEIN AND FATS

40
Q

What should patient with GERD avoid in their diet

A

SPICY, ACIDIC, CARBONATED FOODS

41
Q

Client with GERD should stop eating snacks how many hours prior to bed

A

3 HOURS

42
Q

Pharmaological management for GERD that neutralizes Acid

A

ANTACID

43
Q

Examples of Antacid

A

(CAMA)

CALCIUM CARBONATE
ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
ALGINATE

44
Q

Pharmacological Management for GERD that decrease gastric acid production

A

HISTAMINE 2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST

45
Q

Example of histamine 2 receptor antagonist

A

(FCR)

FAMOTIDINE
CITIMIDINE
RANITIDINE

46
Q

Pharmacologic management for GERD that accelerate gastric emptying

A

PROKINETIC AGENT (PROMOTILITY)

47
Q

Example of prokinetic (promotility) agent

A

(MD)

METOCLOPRAMIDE
DOMPERIDONE

48
Q

Pharmacological Management that decreases gastric acid production that takes longer to effect than H2 receptor agonist

A

PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR

49
Q

Example of Proton Pump Inhibitor

A

(PO)

PANTOPRAZOLE
OMEPRAZOLE

50
Q

Potential risk of gastric acid suppression is the

A

LOSS OF PROTECTIVE FLORA
INCREASE RISK FOR INFECTION

51
Q

Infection associated with gastric acid supression

A

CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE

52
Q

What are the Pharmacological management for GERD

A

AHPP

ANTACID
H2 RECEPTOR AGONIST
PROKINETIC (PROMOTILITY)
PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR

53
Q

a minimally invasive, outpatient procedure designed to relieve symptoms of GERD

A

STRETTA PROCEDURE

54
Q

involves using a tube with a balloon or electrodes to apply controlled heat (radiofrequency energy) to the muscles around the lower esophageal sphincter and the gastric cardia

A

STRETTA PROCEDURE

55
Q

In this procedure, the energy heats the tissue, ultimately causing it to swell and stiffen inhibits the activity of the vagus nerve thus reducing discomfort of client

A

STRETTA PROCEDURE

56
Q

involves injecting a biocompatible polymer into the lower esophageal sphincter to tighten it and create a barrier against acid reflux

A

ENTERYX PROCEDURE

57
Q

What is it called to something that is injected in the Enteryx Procedure

A

BIOCOMPATIBLE POLYMER

58
Q

is a medical device that uses sutures to cinch and tighten the lower esophageal sphincter

A

BARD ENDOCINCH SUTURING SYSTEM (BESS)

59
Q

gold standard for surgical management of GERD

A

OPEN OR LAPAROSCOPIC NISSEN FUNDOPLICATION

60
Q

involves wrapping (360 degrees) of a portion of the gastric fundus around the
sphincter area of the esophagus

A

OPEN OR LAPAROSCOPIC NISSEN FUNDOPLICATION

61
Q

Complications of Nissen Fundoplication

A
  • Small bowel obstruction
  • Retching
  • Gas-bloat syndrome
  • Dumping syndrome
  • Temporary dysphagia
  • Atelectasis
  • Obstructed NGT
62
Q

Complications of GERD

A

ESOPHAGITIS
ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA
BARRETT’s SYNDROME

63
Q

large bubble of gas in the stomach that causes SOB

A

GAS-BLOAT SYNDROME

64
Q

rapid emptying of the gastric content to small intestine

A

DUMPING SYNDROME

65
Q

involuntary effort to vomit

A

RETCHING

MEDICAL SURGICAL (14 decks)

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