ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards
chemical transmitter substances
HORMONES
in charge of endocrine functions of pancreas
ISLET OF LANGERHANS
secretes corticotropin-releasing factor, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH
HYPOTHALAMUS
Also called adenohypophysis
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Also called Neurohypohysis
POSTERIOR PITUITARY
A surgical procedure wherein pituitary gland is taken out through your nose via the sphenoid sinus
TRANSSPHENOIDAL HYPOPHYSECTOMY
maintain equilibrium of hormones and chemicals in the body
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
promotes an increase in blood glucose level
GLUCAGON
decrease glucose level
INSULIN
Released in response to a low blood sugar level.
GLUCAGON
released in response to a high blood glucose level
INSULIN
Released after ingestion of a meal and inhibits release of both insulin and glucagon.
SOMASTOSTATIN
delay nutrient absorption by the GI tract, thus prolonging the duration of intestinal absorption after a meal.
SOMASTOSTATIN
Cells that is responsible for production of insulin
BETA
Cells that is responsible for production of glucagon
ALPHA
Cells that is responsible for production of Somastostatin
DELTA
Stimulates liver to release stored glucose (Glycogen)
GLUCAGON
Breakdown of glycogen into glucose
GLYCOGENOLYSIS
Synthesis of amino acids to produce Glucose
GLUCONEOGENESIS
Inhibit protein, carbohydrates, and fats breakdown
INSULIN
Stores carbohydrates into the liver and muscle
INSULIN
Release of slow and continuous insulin
BASAL RATE
Release of rapid insulin in response to stimulation (Hyperglycemia)
BOLUS RATE
Complex network of glands and organs that uses hormones to regulate and integrate body functions
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Functional unit of endocrine system
GLANDS
Controls the endocrine system
HYPOTHALAMUS
Known as the master of endocrine system as it is the one who stimulates other glands
PITUITARY GLAND
It is a pea-size gland located below the hypothalamus
PITUITARY GLAND
Pituitary gland is also referred to as
HYPOPHYSIS
Releases ADH and Oxytocin
POSTERIOR PITUITARY
(Neurohypophysis)
Releases stimulating hormones to stimulate other glands
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Releases prolactin responsible for production of milk
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Releases growth hormones
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
A hormone responsible for water retention
ADH (Vasopressin)
Butterfly shaped gland located under the larynx and is responsible for regulating metabolism
THYROID GLAND
A gland that also secretes calcitonin to decrease calcium level
THYROID GLAND
Two main hormones secreted by throid gland for metabolism
T3 + T4
T3 is known as
TRIIODOTHYRONINE
T4 is known as
THYROXINE
Inhibits activity of osteoclast, which is responsible for bone dimineralization
CALCITONIN
Tiny gland not larger than grain of rice. Located posterior to thyroid and control level of calcium
PARATHYROID GLAND
Gland responsible for production of hormones that stimulates sympathetic responses, inflammatory process, glucose level, sodium and water retention, and androgen
ADRENAL GLAND
Produces catecholamines
ADRENAL MEDULLA
Produces Glucocorticoid, Mineralocorticoid, and Sex hormone (Androgen)
ADRENAL CORTEX
Produces sex hormones
GONADS
A test for blood glucose level which requires patient to be in NPO for 8 hrs
FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE
FASTING BLOOD SUGAR
Normal value of FBS/FBG
70-110 mg/dL
Value of FBS that indicates patient is diabetic
> 145 mg/dL for 2 readings (Magtulis)
126 mg/dL (book)
Blood sugar level test that does not need fasting. Usually CBG
RANDOM BLOOD SUGAR
Normal value for RBS
80-120 mg/dL
Test use to check if insulin is working. A 75g of anhydrous glucose is taken by the patient and after certain amount of time, blood sugar is taken.
ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST
value of OGTT that indicates diabetes
> 200 mg/dL (book)
Test use to measure glucose control and compliance to medication (OHA) for 3 months
HBA1C
Glycosylated hemoglobin
Hemoglobin A1c
Best indicator of DM
HBA1C
Normal value of HBA1c
4-6%
Pre diabetic value of HBA1c
5.7-6-4% (Lecturio)
Diabetic value of HBA1c
6.5-7% or greater (lecturio)
Use to detect presence of glucose or ketones in urine
URINE TEST
URINE DIPSTICK TEST
KETOSTICK OR CHEMSTICK
Test use to check blood glucose level 2 hours after the first ingestion (bite) of meal
POST PRADIAL BLOOD GLUCOSE
Normal value of PPBG
<140 mg/dL
Diabetic value of PPBG
> 180 mg/dL
> 200 mg/dL (book)
