Unit 1 Flashcards
Aquatic
relating to water.
array
Noun
1
an impressive display or range of a particular type of thing.
there is a vast array of literature on the topic
2
an ordered series or arrangement.
several arrays of solar panels will help provide power
Verb
1
display or arrange (things) in a particular way.
the forces arrayed against him
defense
Noun
1
the action of defending from or resisting attack.
she came to the defense of the eccentric professor
2
the case presented by or on behalf of the party being accused or sued in a lawsuit.
the farmer’s defense was that he intended only to wound the thief
deforestation
the action of clearing a wide area of trees.
environment
the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.
“survival in an often hostile environment”
the natural world, as a whole or in a particular geographical area, especially as affected by human activity.
“the impact of pesticides on the environment”
erosion
the process of eroding or being eroded by wind, water, or other natural agents.
the problem of soil erosion
extend
verb
cause to cover a larger area; make longer or wider.
the Forest Service plans to extend a gravel road nearly a mile
2
hold (something) out toward someone.
I nod and extend my hand
3
exert or exercise oneself to the utmost.
you have to extend yourself to change rather than keep on doing the same thing
fell
verb
move downward, typically rapidly and freely without control, from a higher to a lower level.
five inches of snow fell through the night
(of a person) lose one’s balance and collapse.
he stumbled, tripped, and fell
noun
an act of falling or collapsing; a sudden uncontrollable descent.
his mother had a fall, hurting her leg as she alighted from a train
habitat
noun
the natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism.
wild chimps in their natural habitat
impact
noun
the action of one object coming forcibly into contact with another.
there was the sound of a third impact
verb
come into forcible contact with another object.
the shell impacted twenty yards away
have a strong effect on someone or something.
high interest rates have impacted on retail spending
inhibit
hinder, restrain, or prevent (an action or process).
cold inhibits plant growth
- ức chế -
make (someone) self-conscious and unable to act in a relaxed and natural way.
his mother’s strictures would always inhibit him
intercept
- làm chậm lại -
v. obstruct (someone or something) so as to prevent them from continuing to a destination.
Intelligence agencies intercepted a series of telephone calls
n. an act or instance of intercepting something.
He read the file of radio intercepts
logging
noun
the activity or business of felling trees and cutting and preparing the timber.
measures to counter illegal logging of the country’s tropical rainforests
- khai thác gỗ -
myriad
LITERARY
noun
a countless or extremely great number.
networks connecting a myriad of computers
(chiefly in classical history) a unit of ten thousand.
the army was organized on a decimal system, up to divisions of 10,000 or myriads
adj
countless or extremely great in number.
the myriad lights of the city
nutrient
a substance that provides nourishment essential for growth and the maintenance of life.
fish is a source of many important nutrients, including protein, vitamins, and minerals
pollution
the presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance or thing that has harmful or poisonous effects.
the level of pollution in the air is rising
stabilise
make or become unlikely to give way or overturn.
the craft was stabilized by throwing out the remaining ballast
terrestrial
- trên cạn -
adj
of, on, or relating to the earth.
increased ultraviolet radiation may disrupt terrestrial ecosystems
Noun
1
an inhabitant of the earth.
vanish
disappear suddenly and completely.
Mary vanished without a trace
vegetation
n
plants considered collectively, especially those found in a particular area or habitat.
the chalk cliffs are mainly sheer with little vegetation
the action or process of vegetating.
aspect
n
a particular part or feature of something.
the financial aspect can be overstressed
the positioning of a building or thing in a specified direction.
a greenhouse with a southern aspect
breed
v
(of animals) mate and then produce offspring.
toads are said to return to the pond of their birth to breed
a stock of animals or plants within a species having a distinctive appearance and typically having been developed by deliberate selection.
the big continental breeds are eagerly being imported by British farmers
diurnal
adj
1
of or during the day.
daily; of each day.
diurnal rhythms
endure
v
suffer (something painful or difficult) patiently.
it seemed impossible that anyone could endure such pain
remain in existence; last.
these cities have endured through time
evolve
v
1
develop gradually, especially from a simple to a more complex form.
the company has evolved into a major chemical manufacturer
CHEMISTRY
give off (gas or heat).
the energy evolved during this chemical change is transferred to water
fascinate
draw irresistibly the attention and interest of (someone).
I’ve always been fascinated by other cultures
feat
an achievement that requires great courage, skill, or strength.
the new printing presses were considerable feats of engineering
- thành tựu -
fuel
1
material such as coal, gas, or oil that is burned to produce heat or power.
one aircraft ran out of fuel and had to ditch
v
supply or power (an industrial plant, vehicle, or machine) with fuel.
the plan includes a hydroelectric plant to fuel a paper factory
hemisphere
a half of a sphere.
imperative
adj
of vital importance; crucial.
immediate action was imperative
giving an authoritative command; peremptory.
the bell pealed again, a final imperative call
n
an essential or urgent thing.
free movement of labor was an economic imperative
- ưu tiên -
inhabit
Verb trú ngụ
1
(of a person, animal, or group) live in or occupy (a place or environment).
a bird that inhabits North America
migration
Noun
1
seasonal movement of animals from one region to another.
this butterfly’s annual migration across North America
movement from one part of something to another.
there is virtually no cell migration in plants
navigation
Noun
1
the process or activity of accurately ascertaining one’s position and planning and following a route.
Columbus corrected his westward course by celestial navigation
2
the passage of ships.
bridges to span rivers without hindering navigation
nocturnal
Adjective
1
done, occurring, or active at night.
most owls are nocturnal
observer
Noun
1
a person who watches or notices something.
to a casual observer, he was at peace
obscure
Adjective
1
not discovered or known about; uncertain.
his origins and parentage are obscure
- mờ mịt -
Verb
1
keep from being seen; conceal.
gray clouds obscure the sun
optimal
Adjective
best or most favorable; optimum.
seeking the optimal solution
species
n
1
BIOLOGY
a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding. The species is the principal natural taxonomic unit, ranking below a genus and denoted by a Latin binomial, e.g. Homo sapiens.
2
a kind or sort.
a species of invective at once tough and suave
stray
Verb
1
leave the correct rout, to become separated
- lạc đàn -
windswept
(of a place) exposed to strong winds.
the windswept moors
lộng gió
accumulate
Verb
1
gather together or acquire an increasing number or quantity of.
investigators have yet to accumulate enough evidence
adapt
Verb
1
make (something) suitable for a new use or purpose; modify.
hospitals have had to be adapted for modern medical practice
determine
Verb
1
cause (something) to occur in a particular way; be the decisive factor in.
it will be her mental attitude that determines her future
2
ascertain or establish exactly, typically as a result of research or calculation.
the point of our study was to determine what is true, not what is practicable
3
firmly decide.
he determined on a withdrawal of his forces
dilute
Verb
1
make (a liquid) thinner or weaker by adding water or another solvent to it.
bleach can be diluted with cold water
- pha loãng -
Adjective
1
(of a liquid) made thinner or weaker by having had water or another solvent added to it.
diverse
Adjective
1
showing a great deal of variety; very different.
subjects as diverse as architecture, language teaching, and the physical sciences
2
including or involving people from a range of different social and ethnic backgrounds and of different genders, sexual orientations, etc.
our company is an equal opportunity employer committed to hiring a diverse workforce
evaporation
Noun
1
the process of turning from liquid into vapor.
snow cover prevents evaporation of water from the soil
extreme
Adjective
1
reaching a high or the highest degree; very great.
extreme cold
2
furthest from the center or a given point; outermost.
the extreme northwest of Scotland
Noun
1
either of two abstract things that are as different from each other as possible.
unbridled talk at one extreme and total silence at the other
fringe
Noun
the edge of something
rìa
mechanism
Noun
methods
cơ chế
minimise
Verb
1
reduce (something, especially something unwanted or unpleasant) to the smallest possible amount or degree.
the aim is to minimize costs
moisture
Noun
1
water or other liquid diffused in a small quantity as vapor, within a solid, or condensed on a surface.
the air was constantly heavy with moisture
occupy
Verb
1
reside or have one’s place of business in (a building).
the apartment she occupies in Manhattan
2
fill or preoccupy (the mind or thoughts).
her mind was occupied with alarming questions
3
take control of (a place, especially a country) by military conquest or settlement.
the region was occupied by Britain during World War I
prolific
Adjective
producing a lot of something
phong phú
resilient
Adjective
tough; able to endure difficult conditions
- dẻo dai, đàn hồi -
sparse
Adjective
1
thinly dispersed or scattered.
areas of sparse population
thưa thớt
stressor
Noun
1
something that causes a state of strain or tension.
stressors can place a tremendous burden on relationships
swing
Verb
1
move or cause to move back and forth or from side to side while suspended or on an axis.
her long black skirt swung about her legs
2
move by grasping a support from below and leaping.
we swung across like two trapeze artists
thrive
Verb
1
(of a child, animal, or plant) grow or develop well or vigorously.
the new baby thrived
transitional
Adjective
1
relating to or characteristic of a process or period of transition.
chuyển tiếp
violent
Adjective
1
using or involving physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill someone or something.
a violent confrontation with riot police
intact
adj
whole, complete
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