Unformatted Extras

Question 1

Social Desirability Bias

Answer 1

• is a type of bias related to how people respond to research questions.

Question 2

Researcher’s Bias

Answer 2

• is a process where the scientists performing the research influence the results, in order to portray a certain outcome.

Question 3

Test-Retest Bias

Answer 3

• can happen when participants take the same exam over and over again, which affects their response.

Question 4

Attrition Bias

Answer 4

• occurs when participants drop out of a long-term experiment or study.
• Affects the results.

Question 5

Validity

Answer 5

• refers to the extent to which the data we collect gives a true measurement / description of “social reality” (what is “really happening” in society).

Question 6

Internal Validity

Answer 6

• is the extent to which a study establishes a trustworthy cause-and-effect relationship between a treatment and an outcome.

Question 7

External Validity

Answer 7

• Whether results of the study can be generalized to other situations and other people.
• To protect external validity, sample must be completely random, and all situational variables must be tightly controlled.

Question 8

Face Validity

Answer 8

• Describes the extent to which a study appears to appear to assess what it is intended to assess.
• That is, more or less, the degree to which it “seems right” to participants and researchers.

Question 9

Content Validity

Answer 9

• refers to the extent to which the items on a test are fairly representative of the entire domain the test seeks to measure.

Question 10

Mediating Variable

Answer 10

• is one that provides a causal link between two variables that show a statistical relationship.

Question 11

Moderating Variable

Answer 11

• is one that either decreases or increases the strength of an association.

Question 12

Confounding Variable

Answer 12

• is one that affects two variables that show a relationship.

Question 13

Dependent Variable

Answer 13

• is the outcome variable.

Question 14

Kübler-Ross Model

Answer 14

• The five stages of grief model postulates that those experiencing grief go through a series of five emotions:

1. Denial
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Acceptance.

Question 15

Primary Aging

Answer 15

• is purely biological (intrinsic)

Question 16

Secondary Aging

Answer 16

• describes the environmental aspect of aging (extrinsic)

Question 17

Cross-Sectional Study

Answer 17

• look at a group of different people at one moment in time.

Question 18

Cohort Study

Answer 18

• A cohort is a group of people who share a common characteristic (ex. people born and exposed to same pollutant/drug/etc.) in period of time.

Question 19

Retrospective Cohort Design

Answer 19

• takes a group of individuals and asks them about their experiences in the past.

Question 20

Prospective Cohort Study

Answer 20

• a study that follows over time groups of individuals who are alike in many ways but differ by a certain characteristic
• Example: female nurses who smoke and those who do not smoke and compares them for a particular outcome such as lung cancer.

Question 21

Longitudinal Study

Answer 21

• data is gathered for the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time, can take years or decades.
• A longitudinal study follows variables over a long period of time to look for correlations.

Question 22

Case-Control Study

Answer 22

• is concerned with the frequency and amount of exposure in subjects with a specific disease (cases) and people without the disease (controls).

Question 23

Psychoanalytical Therapy

Answer 23

• Attempts to uncover how unconscious conflicts rootedin childhood shape behaviors.

Question 24

Humanistic Therapy

Answer 24

• Attempts toempower individual tomove toward Self-actualization

Question 25

Actor-Observer Bias

Answer 25

• refers to a tendency to attribute one’s own actions to external causes while attributing other people’s behaviors to internal causes.

Question 26

Optimism Bias

Answer 26

• is belief bad things happen to others, but not to us.

Question 27

Stereotyping

Answer 27

• is an over-generalized belief about a particular category of people.
• It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group.

Question 28

Stereotype Threat

Answer 28

• self-fulfilling fear that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.

Question 29

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Answer 29

• sociopsychological phenomenon of someone “predicting” or expecting something, and this “prediction” or expectation coming true simply because the person believes it will and the person’s resulting behaviors aligning to fulfill the belief.

Question 30

Hypothesis of Relative Deprivation

Answer 30

• defined as an actual or perceived lack of resources required to maintain the quality of life (e.g. diet, activities, material possessions) to which various socioeconomic groups or individuals within those groups have grown accustomed, or are considered to be the accepted norm within the group.

Question 31

Prejudice

Answer 31

• is an unjustified or incorrect attitude towards an individual based solely on the individual’s membership of a social group.

Question 32

ABC Model

Answer 32

• It’s a framework that assumes your beliefs about a specific event affect how you react to that event.

Question 33

Discrimination

Answer 33

• is an action or practice that excludes, disadvantages, or merely differentiates between individuals or groups of individuals on the basis of some ascribed or perceived trait.

Question 34

Power

Answer 34

• is an entity or individual’s ability to control or direct others

Question 35

Prestige

Answer 35

• refers to the reputation or esteem associated with one’s position in society.

Question 36

Projection Bias

Answer 36

• is when we assume other share the same beliefs we do.