Social Psychology Flashcards
1
Q
Social Psychology
A
- es la forma en que los individuos piensan, sienten y se comportan en situaciones sociales.
- las personas se comportan diferentes cuando están en grupo.
2
Q
Conformity
A
- “peer pressure”, tendency for people to bring behaviour in line with groups
- going along with something
- We use social situations to determine what is acceptable, and when to question authorities.
3
Q
Informative Influence
A
- is agreeing and privately chaning your view to align with the group.
- Example: You have never interacted with a dog before and you are uncertain about how to train a dog and you are uncertain if it’s an appropriate method to use a shock color. You look for the group for guidance and you assume they are correct.
4
Q
Normative Influence
A
- is publically agreeing even if you privately disagree
- Example: you are an expert group trainer and you know it’s easier to train the dog with treats than treat it with a shock color. Even though you know training the dog with a shock color is incorrect you may still decide to go along with the group to avoid being a social outcast. You fear social rejection that can come with disagreement with the group, so you conform to even a wrongful act.
5
Q
Conformity: Privately Conform
A
- actual change in your beliefs to match group
- Example: If you privately conformed to the shock color, you would leave the situation with a genuine belief that the best way to train a dog is with a shock color.
6
Q
Conformity: Publically Conform
A
- superficial change, only to fit in with group, but don’t actually agree with the group fully.
7
Q
Group Polarization
A
- a group tends to choose an extreme position on something compared to if they were to make the decision individually.
8
Q
Confirmation Bias
A
- group members seek out information that support the majority view.
- Example: majority of the group agrees that training the dog with treats is the best way to go about it. Some people chastise those who say the collar is the best way to train the dog. The individuals leave the discussion that training the dog with treats is amplified
9
Q
Groupthink
A
- is when a group makes a poor decision as a whole because of their desire to keep harmony among the group or cause theyre focused on one goal together and they just all want to achieve that goal already.
- they basically lose sight of what the shitty consequences of something will be cause theyre too focused on trying to conform to that groups thought process, they stop critically thinking themselves.
10
Q
Obedience
A
- is how we follow authority
- describes how we follow orders/obey authority. No cognitive component.
- Example: “I’m just following orders”
11
Q
Social Anomie
A
- breakdown of social bonds between an individual and community.
- In a word: alienation.
- Eample: high rates of divorce, single-parent homes, and individuals living alone; decreasing ties to hometown, family, religion; and decreasing birth rates. People feel adrift in a social void, isolated and lonely and dehumanized. Social rules we were used to don’t work and don’t apply anymore.
12
Q
Compliance
A
- situations where we do behaviour to get a reward or avoid punishment.
- Tendency to go along with behaviour without questioning why.
13
Q
Identification
A
- when people act/dress a certain way to be like someone they respect. Will do this as long as they maintain respect for that individual.
14
Q
Internalization
A
- idea/belief/behaviour has been integrated into our own values.
- We conform to the belief privately. Stronger than other types of conformity.
15
Q
Social Stratification
A
- Refers to a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy.
- For example, those in the same social class tend to have the same types of jobs and similar levels of income.
16
Q
Feminist Theory
A
- A contemporary approach of looking at world from macro-perspective, developed from feminism movement originating from conflict theory by focussing on stratifications/inequalities in society. It examines women’s social roles/experience in education, family, and workforce.
- Women face:
1. discrimination (unjust treatment of individual because they belong to a certain group)
2. objectification (when someone is regarded as an object and treated as less important)
3. oppression (where women are treated unjustly and encouraged to occupy gender based social roles),
4. stereotyping (all women are viewed under the same oversimplified image).
17
Q
Functionalist Theory
A
- is a system of thinking that looks at society from large-scale perspective, and how each part helps keep society stable.
- It says that society is heading towards equilibrium.
- Example: local businesses must adapt to new ways to cater to customers (in response to a disrupter such as amazon for example)
18
Q
Health Disparity
A
- Difference in health outcome that is closely related to social and economic factors.
- Social inequality causes the difference, not a biological one.
19
Q
Self-Serving Bias
A
- mechanism of preserving our self-esteem, more common in individualistic cultures.
- If we succeed it’s due to our internal/personal qualities, but if we fail no hit on self-esteem because likely to do with things outside of our control.
20
Q
Role Starin
A
- occurs when we have trouble meeting the social roles expected of us.
- Example: a student has to write two papers, five reading assignments, give a speech, two lab reports in one week.
21
Q
Role Conflict
A
- conflict between two or more different statuses, unlike role strain.
- The different statuses compete for someone’s time.
- Example: as a husband he has an anniversary and a friend is calling for their monthly get-together.
- Example: Paper due for school and son is injured and at hospital.
22
Q
Role Exit
A
- When an individual stops engaging in a role previously central to their identity and the process of establishing a new identity.
- Example: When an individual retires from a long career and must transition from the role of worker with deadlines and responsibilities to a leisurely life or when an individual becomes a parent and has to change their lifestyle.
23
Q
Discrimination
A
- is differential treatment and harmful actions against minorities.
- Can be based on different factors including race, age, religion, etc.
- Can occur at individual or at the organizational/institutional level.
24
Q
Individual Discrimination
A
- Individual person acting to discriminate based on something (sex, religion, race, age etc.)
- Example: a science professor who doesn’t let women into his class. (in this example sex discrimination)
25
Q
Institutional Discrimination
A
- how policies can discriminate unintentionally
26
Q
Side-Effect Discrimination
A
- talks about how one institution can influence another negatively.
- Institutions – economics, politics, law, medicine, business and are all interrelated, and discrimination in one area can effect another- it is an side effect.
- Example: a small town where African American always get unfair verdict of guilty because they didn’t think they could get off on a fair verdict (so they take lesser crime). Then while applying to a job later, don’t get the job because of criminal record. Criminal justice reached unfair verdict, and potential employers are swayed too (employer is swayed and unjustly discriminates unintentional because of another institution – in this case the court system).
27
Q
Past-In-Present Discrimination
A
- how things done in the past, even if no longer allowed they can have consequences for people in the present.
- Example: After Brown vs. Board verdict, but girl in integrated school still doesn’t feel welcome in her classroom. (Negative attitude of the past coming forward to the present and causes minority to be discriminated against unfairly)
28
Q
Social Facilitation
A
- refers to the finding that people sometimes show an increased level of effort as a result of the real, imagined, or implied presence of others.
29
Q
Yerkes-Dodson Law
A
- suggests that there is a relationship between performance and arousal.
- Increased arousal can help improve performance, but only up to a certain point. At the point when arousal becomes excessive, performance diminishes.
31
Q
Social Loafing
A
*
32
Q
Hawthorne Effect
A
- is a type of reactivity in which individuals modify or improve an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed.
33
Q
Bystandard Effect
A
- Individual may feel less inclined to take action because of presence of others in the group.
- Small group = less bystander effect.
- Large group = more bystander effect
34
Q
Diffusion of Responsibility Theory
A
- When individuals are in presence of others where help is needed, feel less personal responsibility and less likely to take action when needed.
35
Q
Deindividuation
A
- those in group are more likely to act inappropriately because crowd conceals person’s identity.
- Example: behavior of some on Black Friday. Presence of large group there is violence (shoppers trample employees, shot shoppers, stolen goods from stores). Presence of large group decreases their inhibition/guilt, hence increases antisocial/deviant behavior.
36
Q
Social Control
A
- is the active or passive process of a group regulating itself according to its beliefs, principles, and values.
- A major purpose of social control is to stop or prevent negative deviance, which is a break from established laws and values that may be damaging to others.
- Example: The government uses laws and courts to exercise social control.
37
Q
Inclusive Fitness
A
- concerns the # of offspring an animal has, how they support them, and how offspring support each other.
- Inclusive fitness is thinking about fitness on a larger scale – evolutionary advantageous for animals to propagate survival of closely related individuals and genes in addition to themselves.
38
Q
Altrism
A
- care about welfare of other people and are acting to help them.
- Beneficial to society and also individuals.
41
Q
Symbolic Interactionism
A
- society is a product of everyday interactions of individuals.
- There is meaning and value attached to symbols and interactions are based on these symbols
- Looking at how people behave in normal everyday situations and helps us to better understand and define deviance.
- Example: the word ‘dog’ is just a series of letters. Through your interactions with the letters ‘dog’, you see this as a furry, four-legged canine.
76
Q
Life Course Approach
A
- is amultidisciplinary frameworkfor understanding how psychological, biological, and sociocultural factors accross a lifetime have cummulative effect on health outcomes.
85
Q
Social Sigma
A
- Extreme disapproval/discrediting of individual by society
86
Q
Self-Stigma
A
- is when individual can internalize all the negative stereotypes, prejudices, and discriminatory experiences they’ve had, and may begin to feel rejected by society, avoid interacting with society.
