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P/S > Sleep and Consciousness > Flashcards

Sleep and Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

States of Consciousness - Consciousness

A
  • Is awareness of our self and environment.
  • Can have different levels of consciousness (diff levels of awareness) and can be natural or be induced by external factors such as drugs or internal such as mental efforts.
  • States range from alertness to sleep.
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2
Q

States of Consciousness - Alertness

A

You’re awake, aware of who you are, what’s going on in the environment, focus your attention, engage in conformation, code info to your memory.

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3
Q

States of Consciousness - Daydreaming

A
  • Feel more relaxed, not as focussed as alertness.
  • Can also be light meditation
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4
Q

States of Consciousness - Drowsiness

A
  • Just before falling asleep/after waking up.
  • Can also be self-induced in deep meditation.
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5
Q

States of Consciousness - Sleep

A

Not aware of self or world around you.

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6
Q

Electroencephalograms (EEGs)

A
  • Can measure brainwaves.
  • 4 main types:
  1. Alpha
  2. Beta
  3. Delta
  4. Theta
  • Each type oscillates at diff frequency and associated with different type of consciousness.
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7
Q

Beta Waves (12-30Hz)

A

Associated with awake/concentration.

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8
Q

Alpha Waves (8-13 Hz)

A
  • In daydreaming state. Lower frequency than beta waves.
  • Disappear in drowsiness but reappear later in deep sleep.
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9
Q

Theta Waves (4-7Hz)

A
  • Slower/lower frequency than alpha waves.
  • Drowsiness/right after you fall asleep/when you are sleeping lightly.
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10
Q

Dealta Waves (0.5-3Hz)

A
  • Slower/lower frequency than theta waves.
  • Deep sleep or coma.
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11
Q

Sleep Stages

A
  • Your brain goes through distinct brain patterns during sleep.
  • 4 main stages that occur in 90 min cycles.
  • First three stages are categorized in non-rapid eye movement sleep (non-REM) – N1, N2, N3
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12
Q

N1 (Stage 1 of Sleep)

A

Dominated by theta waves.

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13
Q

Hypnagonic Hallucinations (Stage 1 of Sleep)

A
  • Hearing or seeing things that aren’t there
  • Example: seeing flash of light, or someone calling your name, doorbell, etc.
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14
Q

Tetris Effect (Stage 1 of Sleep)

A
  • If you play Tetris right before bed, you might see visual images of blocks during sleep.
  • Example: Been on a boat all day, you might still feel like you are on water even when on dry land
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15
Q

Hypnic Jerks (Stage 1 of Sleep)

A
  • Muscle twitches you sometimes experience as you fall asleep.
  • Feeling of falling.
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16
Q

N2 (Stage 2 of Sleep)

A
  • Deeper stage of sleep.
  • People in N2 are harder to awaken.
  • We see more theta waves, as well as sleep spindles and K-complexes.
17
Q

Sleep Spindles (Stage 2 of Sleep)

A

Sleep spindles in some parts of brain associated with ability to sleep through loud noises.

18
Q

K-Complexes (Stage 2 of Sleep)

A
  • Supress cortical arousal and keep you asleep.
  • Also help sleep-based memory consolidation (some memories are transferred to long term memory during sleep, particularly declarative/explicit memories).
19
Q

N3 (Stage 3 of Sleep)

A
  • Slow wave sleep.
  • Very difficult to awaken.
  • Characterized by delta waves.
  • Where sleep walking/talking in sleep happens.
  • Declarative Memory consolidation.
20
Q

REM (Rapid-Eye Movement) Stage

A
  • Eyes move rapidly beneath your eyelids but most of your other muscles are paralyzed.
  • Most important for memory consolidation.
  • Formation of episodic memories.
  • Combination of alpha, beta, and dyssynchronous waves, similar to beta waves seen when awake.
  • Acronym: BATS-Drink Blood (beta, alpha, theta, ,sleep- spindle/K-complex delta beta)
21
Q

Order of Sleep Cycle

A
  • N1 -> N2 -> N3 -> N2 -> REM -> N1
  • Cycle through these 4-5 times per sleep, each one 90 minutes.
22
Q

Circadian Rhythms

A
  • Controlled by melatonin, produced in the pineal gland.
  • Why you get sleepy in afternoon? They’re our regular body rhythms across 24-hour period.
23
Q

Prefrontal-Cortex in REM Sleep

A
  • Activity is decreased here. (Part responsible for logic)
24
Q

Sigmund Freud - Why do Dreams Occur?

A

Dreams are our unconscious thoughts and desires that need to be interpreted.

25
Q

Evolutionary Biology - Why do Dreams Occur?

A

Threat simulation, to prepare for real world.

26
Q

Sigmund Freud’s Theory of Dreams

A

Says dreams represent our unconscious feelings/urges/thoughts.

27
Q

Activation Synthesis Hypothesis (Dreams)

A
  • Brain gets a lot of neural impulses in brainstem, which is sometimes interpreted by the frontal cortex.
  • Brainstem = Activation
  • Cortex = Synthesis
  • Our brain is simply trying to find meaning from random brain activity.
  • Therefore dreams might not have meaning.
28
Q

Disorders: Sleep Deprivation

A
  • Irritability and poorer memory and attention.
  • Susceptible to obesity – body makes more cortisol, and the hunger hormone (ghrelin).
  • Increase your risk for depression.
29
Q

Disorders: Insomnia

A
  • Persistent trouble falling asleep or staying asleep.
30
Q

Disorder: Narcolepsy

A
  • Can’t help themselves from falling asleep.
31
Q

Disorders: Sleep Apnea

A
  • Stop breathing while sleeping,
  • Body realizes you’re not getting enough oxygen, wake up just long enough to gasp for air and fall back asleep without realizing.
  • Can happen 100x/night!
  • Don’t get enough N3 (Stage 3; slow-wave) sleep.
  • Snoring is an indication, or fatigue in morning after full night of sleep.
32
Q

Disorders: Sleepwalking

A
  • Mostly genetic, occur during N3 (stage 3; slow wave) and are harmless.
  • Occur more often in children (partly because they have more N3 stage sleep than adults).
33
Q

Induced States of Consciousness

A
  • Hypnosis + medication are examples.
  • Does not occur naturally.
34
Q

Hypnotism

A
  • Usually involves getting person to relax and focus on breathing, and they become more susceptible to suggestion in this state – but only if they want to.
  • More alpha waves in this stage – an awake but relaxed state.
35
Q

Meditation

A
  • Training people to self-regulate their attention and awareness.
  • Can be guided and focused on something in particular, like breathing, but meditation can also be unfocussed – mind wanders freely.
  • More alpha waves than normal relaxation in light meditation.

P/S (22 decks)

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