Motivation

Question 1

Motivation: Evolutionary Approach

Answer 1

• role instincts play in motivation.
• What do humans do to survive? What is not-learned and just instinct.
• Example: Think about baby, cries, sleep, eat. Basic instincts that all humans have.

Question 2

Motivation: Drive Reduction Theory

Answer 2

• focuses on drives vs. needs.
• Need is lack or deprivation that will energize the drive, or aroused state.
• That drive is the aroused state. Fulfilling the drive will reduce the need.
• Example: You are at the gym and need for water. Trainer says you need to do more exercise. In this example, need: water, drive: thirst. Doing push ups is means to fulfill drive for water.
• Focuses on negative reinforcement - removal of a stimuli to encourage a response.

Question 3

Motivation: Optimum Arousal Theory

Answer 3

• People want to reach full arousal/alertness.
• Drive to get full arousal, and natural high – a state we enjoy.
• Example: Why people go to amusement parks?

Question 4

Sigmund Freud: ID

Answer 4

• innate.
• The reservoir of all psychic energy.
• The id seeks to discharge tension arising from internal needs or external stimulation.
• It is made up of all instincts and wants to get rid of all uncomfortable feelings.

Question 5

Sigmund Freud: Ego

Answer 5

• “The Reality Principle” - Operates on secondary processes. (Reality testing)
• Mediates the demands of reality vs. the desires of the Id.
• The self.
• This is who we identify with/believe ourselves to be.

Question 6

Sigmund Freud: Superego

Answer 6

• The internalization of cultural ideals and parental sanctions.
• “Morals” Interjection/Internalization.
• The Superego inhibits Sexual and Aggressive impulses, and tries to replace reality with morality, striving for perfection.

Question 7

Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 7

• Extrinsic motivation is associated with rewards or obligated behavior.
• Extrinsic motivation is motivation to do something based on an external reward (like money or fame).

Question 8

Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 8

• Internal motivation

Question 9

Amotivation

Answer 9

• Amotivation is the lack of motivation.

Question 10

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 10

• A pyramid.
• We have needs that must be fulfilled from bottom to top.
• These needs must be fulfilled in a specific bottom -> top order.
• Basic needs are most fundamental and at bottom. There are 5 needs.
• Acronyms: Please Stop Liking Stupid Shit

Question 11

Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: 1. Physiological

Answer 11

• Food
• Water
• Breathing
• Sleep.
• Essential to survive. Basic need

Question 12

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: 2. Safety

Answer 12

• Safety needs are associated with:
  1. Stability
  2. Security
  3. Protection
  4. Freedom from threats

Question 13

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: 3. Love

Answer 13

• Need to belong, acceptance from friends/family intimacy, love.

Question 14

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: 4. Self-Esteem

Answer 14

• Feel confident and sense of achievement, recognition, competence of skill.
• Respect

Question 15

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: 5. Self-Actualization

Answer 15

• One reaching their maximal potential, achieving the most one can be.
• They were moral to their own principles and mastered the other needs. Differs from person to person.

Question 16

Skinner: Incentive Theory

Answer 16

• Argues that individuals are motivated to engage in behaviors that produce rewards or incentives.
• Example: doing well at work and getting promotion (tangible). - Job satisfaction (intangible).
• Studies have shown that if a reward is given immediately, chance of it happening again is higher.
• focuses on Positive reinforcement is done through continuous positive stimulation. A positive reinforce is given after a response to increase the response. You need to be constantly given positive reinforces.