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P/S > Drug Dependence > Flashcards

Drug Dependence Flashcards

1
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A
  • Drugs that can alter our consciousness, and perceptions.
  • They can alter our perception, increase our mood, calm us down, make us feel more alert, etc.
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2
Q

Psychoactive Drugs: Depressants

A
  • Are drugs that lower your body’s basic functions and neural activity, lower CNS activity:

Example:

  • Decrease Heart Rate
  • Decreased Blood Pressure
  • Decreased Processing/Reaction time (makes us act/think slowly)

Three categories:

  1. Alcohol
  2. Barbiturates
  3. Benzodiazepines
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3
Q

Depressant: Alcohol

A
  • Decreased inhibitions, so decreasing cognitive control.
  • Lack of coordination, impeeds speech
  • Think more slowly, disrupt REM sleep
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4
Q

Depressant: Barbiturates

A
  • Used to induce sleep or reduce anxiety (calm them down)
  • Depress your CNS.
  • Examples: Anesthesia or anticonvulsant (drugs that reduce seizures)
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5
Q

Depressant: Benzodiazepines

A
  • Are the most commonly prescribed suppressant.
  • Treats Insomnia, Anxiety or Seizures
  • Enhance your brain’s response to GABA. They open up GABA-activated chloride (Cl-) channels in your neurons, and make neurons more (-) charged.
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6
Q

Stimulants

A
  • Are drugs that excite your CNS, increase HR/BP, alertness, more awake, more energetic.

Examples:

  • Caffeine: inhibits enzyme that breaksdown cAMP
  • Adderal: blocks dopamine re-uptake and stimulate presynaptic dopamine release.
  • Methamphetamine
  • MDMA
  • Cocaine: blocks dopamine re-uptake.
  • Nicotine: acts on acetylcholine.
  • THC: increases dopamine and GABA activity.
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7
Q

Hallucinogens

A
  • Distorted perceptions/hallucinations - seeing or hearing things different from how things actually are.
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8
Q

Hallucinogens: LSD

A
  • Modifies serotonin neurotransmission, especially the 5-HT2 receptor family.
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9
Q

Opiates

A
  • Decrease CNS function
  • Decrease HR/BP
  • Cause relaxation
  • Induce sleep

It is NOT a depressant.

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10
Q

Hallucinogen: Cannabis

A
  • A mix of all.
  • Can be a hallucinogen and also be a depressant or a stimulant
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11
Q

Hallucinogen: MDMA

A
  • Can be a stimulant or hallucinogen.
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12
Q

Routes of Drug Entry: Oral

A
  • Is ingesting something, one of slowest routes because goes through GI tract – half hour.
  • Example: Pill, Alcohol.
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13
Q

Routes of Drug Entry: Inhalation

A
  • Is breathing or snorting or smoking, because once you inhale goes straight to brain.
  • Example: Tobacco or Cocaine
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14
Q

Routes of Drug Entry: Injection

A
  • Most direct, intravenous means goes right to vein.
  • Takes effects within seconds.
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15
Q

Routes of Drug Entry: Transdermal

A
  • Drug is absorbed through skin
  • Example: Nicotine patch.
  • Drug in patch has to be pretty potent, released into bloodstream over several hours.
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16
Q

Routes of Drug Entry: Intramuscular

A
  • Needle stuck into muscle. Can deliver drugs to your system slowly or quickly.
  • Example: Epinephrine Pen – given to someone experiencing an allergic reaction which starts closing airways. EpiPen delivers epinephrine quickly and allows airways to open. Usually on thigh because it has the most access points to blood vessels
17
Q

Reward Pathway in the Brain

A
  • Brain releases neurotransmitter called dopamine.
  • Produced in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), in the midbrain.
  • VTA sends dopamine to the amygdala (controls emotions), to the nucleus accumbens (NAcc , controls motor functions), to the prefrontal cortex (focus attention and planning), and the hippocampus (part of the temporal lobe, involved in memory formation).
  • NAcc, amygdala and hippocampus are part of the mesolimbic pathway.
18
Q

Tolerance

A
  • Means you get used to a drug so you need more of it to achieve the same effect.
  • Example: Just took cocaine, lots of dopamine in synapse. Post-synaptic neuron has receptors for dopamine. Long-term stimulation can lead to brain shutting down some receptor because of high levels of dopamine; therefore same amount of drugs won’t cause same high.
19
Q

Withdrawal

A
  • If you go through period of not having the drug, you experience withdrawal symptoms.
20
Q

Addiction

A
  • Once you’ve built up tolerance, need drug to feel “normal” again, not euphoric.
  • This is a sign you are addicted.
21
Q

Drugs: Intoxification

A
  • When drug enters body and exerts effect on somebody
22
Q

Drugs: Withdrawal

A
  • Exits after a period of use.
  • Two Stages:
    1. Acute: (few weeks, physical withdrawal symptoms, different for each drug/person).
    2. Post-Acute: (fewer physical symptoms, more emotional/psychologic symptoms, same symptoms for everyone)
23
Q

Withdrawals: Post-Acute Withdrawal Symptoms

A
  • Mood swings
  • Anxiety
  • Irritability
  • Tiredness
  • Variable energy
  • Low enthusiasm
  • Variable concentration
  • Disturbed sleep
24
Q

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

A
  • Psychological treatment for drug treatment.
  • Addresses both cognitive and behavioural components of addiction.
  • Patients learn to recognize problematic thought patterns and develop more positive thought patterns and coping behaviors.
25
Q

Motivational Interviewing

A
  • Involves working with patient to find intrinsic motivation to

change.

  • Very focus, goal directed therapy.
26
Q

Relapse

A
  • Is when patient can slip and go back.
  • Depends on environmental triggers and drug they were addicted too.
  • More addictive substances make relapse more likely.
  • Encountering anything that one used to associate with the drug makes relapse more likely as well.

P/S (22 decks)

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