Cognition Flashcards
1
Q
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development: Sensoriomotor Stage
A
- 0-2 years old
- sensory = senses
- children gather information about the world via sight, smell, taste, hearing, touch etc.
- motor = active
- as you develop how to use senses you learn to move your body around.
2
Q
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development: Preoperational Stage
A
- 2-7 years old
- Operational = mental operations like imagining things
- When children are going to develop/engage in pretend play.
- Start to use symbols to represent things.
- Words symbolize objects and children start understanding symbols.
- Also, very egocentric – only concerned about themselves, no empathy (they don’t understand that other people have a different point of view than they do)
3
Q
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development: Concrete Operational
A
- 7-11 years old
- operational = mental operations.
- Learn idea of conservation.
- Also begin to learn empathy; begin reasoning of math skills.
4
Q
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development: Formal Operational Stage
A
- 12+ years old
- reason abstract consequences, and reason consequences; moral reasoning.
- At this point children are reasoning more like adults and they continue to develop that overtime.
5
Q
Piaget: Schemas
A
- mental models – Frameworks for us organize and interpret new information.
- Piaget belief of cognitive development was in the development of schemas.
- To develop these, you need to be able to grow/change them – which happens through assimilation and accommodations.
6
Q
Assimilation
A
- how we describe new information/experiences in terms of our current understanding/schemas.
- Acronym: assimilation has “ss” – same schema
7
Q
Accommodation
A
- how we later adjust our schemas to incorporate new experiences –to remember.
- Acronym: accommodation has “cc” for change or create
8
Q
Problem Solving: Well-Defined Problems
A
- clear starting and ending point.
- A well-defined problem has a clear criteria that describes whether or not the goal has been achieved.
- Example: how to turn light that is currently dark
9
Q
Problem Solving: Ill-Defined
A
- More ambiguous starting and/or ending point.
- An Ill-Defined Problem does not have an obviously stated goal or lacks relevant information to solve the problem.
- Example: how to live a happy life. Can still solve ill-defined problems solve but don’t know outcome.
10
Q
Methods of Problem Solving: Trial + Error
A
- take random guesses till something finally work. Not efficient.
11
Q
Methods of Problem Solving: Algorithm
A
- methodical approach.
- A logical step-by-step procedure of trying solutions till you hit the right one.
- Not efficient, but are guaranteed to find the correct solution eventually.
12
Q
Methods of Problem Solving: Heuristics
A
- mental shortcut that allows us to find solution quicker than other 2.
- Reduces the # of solutions we need to try by taking an approach as to what possibilities could exist and eliminates trying unlikely possibilities.
- Don’t guarantee a correct solution, but they do simply complex problems and reduce total # of solutions we will try in order to get to a more manageable #.
13
Q
Methods of Problem Solving: Means-end Analysis
A
- a heuristic where we analyze main problem and break it down into smaller problems.
- We then attack the problem that has the most difference between current state and goal state.
14
Q
Methods of Problem Solving: Working Backwards
A
- Start with goal and use it to suggest connections back to current state.
- Used in mathematical proofs, in mazes.
15
Q
Decision Making
A
- We make a judgement of the desirability/probability of a certain outcome.
22
Q
Decision Making: Framing Effects
A
- how you present the decision can affect decisions as well.
- Example: Disease that will kill 600 people, option A is 100% chance exactly 200 people saved, option B 30% chance all 600 saved and 2/3rd chance 0 will be saved. Which option do you pick? OR A. 100% chance 400 die B. 1/3 chance no one dies and 2/3 chance 600 die.
