Unbiased Book Flashcards
What is categorization?
It is a grouping of like things together.
What does categorization do?
It is a universal function of the brain that allows us to organize and manage the overload of stimuli.
What is a benefit of categorization?
It helps our brians make judgements more quickly and effeciently by relying on patterns that seem predictable.
What is a disadvantage of categorization
It can impede our efforts to embrace and understand people who are deemed not like us.
What is repetition suppresion?
A weakened response to repeated exposure to something.
A study was conducted where the student believed that human traits were fixed, then they looked at a racially ambiguous face. The student was told that the face was white or black and then asked to draw the face. What were the outcomes?
If they were told the face was black, they drew a face that looked more black. If they were told the person face was white, then they drew a face with more “white” traits.
A study was conducted where the student believed that human traits were malleable, then they looked at a racially ambiguous face. The student was told that the face was white or black and then asked to draw the face. What were the outcomes?
For people who believed humans were malleable, those who had been told the face was black drew a more white face. Those that were told the face was white drew a more black face.
Does the human mind use “categorization” only for races?
No. We use categorization for everything, from food to furniture to animals.
How did Walter Lippman define stereotypes in his 1922 book, Public Opinion?
“For the most part we do not first see, and then define, we define first then see.”
What is a mechanism that allows inaccurate beliefs to spread and persist?
Confirmation bias
How many times a day might an officer on patrol hear the words “black male”?
300 times a day, 1200 times a week, fifty thousand times a year.
Do parents share their bias with their kids?
Yes. IAT tests showed that more anti-black the parent is, the more anti-black the children are. But only for children who identified closely with their parents.
What percentage of Ferguson’s population is black?
67%
What percentage of Ferguson’s traffic stops were of black drivers?
85%
What percentage of Ferguson’s citations were to black drivers?
90%
How often were black Ferguson drivers likley to be searched than white drivers?
Twice as likely.
What percentage of criminal charges never go to trial?
94%
What percentage of criminal charges go to trial?
6%
What industrialized nation has the highest incarceration rate in the world?
United Stated
How many americans were behind bars in 2017?
2.1 million
What percentage of the worlds prisoners are from the U.S?
The U.S. accounts for 4.4% of the worlds population but 22% of the world’s prisoners.
White job seekers with criminal records were ________ percent less likely to be hired than whites with no criminal record? Compared to blacks with criminal records were _____ percent less likely to be hired than a black with no such record?
30% for whites with criminal records vs 60% for blacks with criminal records less likely to be hired than their counterparts without criminal records.
How many black people were lynched in Alabama between 1877 and 1943?
340
How many of our nations public school students are white?
About half.
Latinos now account for what percentage of public school students?
one quarter.
According to a 2017 poll by Phi Delta Kappa, what percentage of parents would like their kids to be in a racially diverse school?
70%
According to a 2017 poll by Phi Delta Kappa, what is more important: sending their kids to a racially diverse school or proximity of the school (commute time)?
57% prized proximity over diversity. Only 25% stated they would make a longer commute to get a diverse school.
What has happened to intensely segregated schools (less than 10% of the students are white)?
Number of schools with more than 90% of its students being non-white have tripled in the past 30 years.
Black students are ____ more times likely to be suspended from the school as their white peers?
4 times more likely.
In the thirty years before the Civil War, how many people from Virginia were sold to southern farmers to cultivate cotton?
Half a million people.
In 2016, what two hashtags on Twitter gained the most retweets among white supremacist networks?
white genocide and #Donald Trump
During a job interview study, applicants with black sounding names were ____ percent less likely to get a callback than an applicant with a white-sounding name.
50 percent.
In the U.S, data from two dozen studies over the last 26 years have found what in regards to the job search process?
Both blacks and Latinos are disadvantaged by bias in the job search process.
What is “whitening the resume?”
The practice of removing anything that would associate a person with black and adding items that would be associated with white people.
What percentage of millennials make up todays work force?
40%
What percentage of todays millennials in the work force are foreign born or non-white?
About one-third are foreign born and almost half are non-white.
What is Moral Credentialing?
It is when people are more willing to express attitudes that could be biased when their past behavior established their credentials as non-biased. Is the “some of my friends are black” hall pass.
How much time does a manager spend reviewing each resume before making a decision on it?
Six seconds
What is the “other race effect?”
People are better at recognizing faces of their own race than other races
What is the primary function of the fusiform area of the brain?
Detect faces
In a study where college students watched an argument between a white and black male, and one shoved the other, who did the college students think was the aggressor?
When black male shoved white, 75% thought it was violent. When white male shoved black, only 17% thought the shove was aggressive.
In NY from 2010-2011, based on 1.3 million frisks for furtive movement, what percentage was a black suspect?
Of all stops made for furtive movement, 54% were black in a city that is only 23% black.
What is the best way overcome implicit bias?
Goal driven, repetitive training.
What happens when an officer kills an unarmed black person?
There is a significant dip in the mental health of blacks in the entire state where the killing occured. (For up to 3 months.)
What was Oaklands Rough Riders?
A group of Oakland officers in late 1990s to 2000, planted drugs, assaulted people and falsely accused people of crimes. This led to federal oversight of Oakland
What is the goal of procedural justice?
The focus is not on tactics but building healthy relationships with the public.
What 4 tenets would allow police to gain better legitimacy and compliance with the public?
Voice, fairness, respect, trustworthiness
According to Biased, what is one of the primary barriers to good policing?
Cynicism that the officers develop.
How much more likely are blacks to be stopped for equipment violations than whites?
Twice as likely
How many people are released from American prisons every year?
700,000
How many states is the death penalty legal in?
31
What did the McClesky case rule?
That there is a discrepancy in sentencing that appears to correlate with race, but such disparities are an inevitable part of the criminal justice system. It basically stated that institutional racial bias is part of the status quo.
When were racial zoning ordinances banned?
1917 by the Supreme court
When were racial covenants (redlining) banned?
1948 by the Supreme Court
What instituted a ban on all discrimination in building, marketing, financing, leasing and selling residential property?
Fair Housing Act of 1968
Where did Jennifer Eberhardt, author of Biased, surname come from?
Her great, great grandfather was a slave. He took the surname of his owner once freed in 1865
What are the two strongest triggers of bias when forced to make a quick decision?
Speed and ambiguity
