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Nursing > UN Elimination > Flashcards

UN Elimination Flashcards

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1
Q

Ideal bristol stool type

A

3&4

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2
Q

Factors affecting normal bowel elimination

A
  1. Diet
  2. Fluid intake
  3. Physical activity
  4. Personal bowel elimination habits
  5. Privacy
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3
Q

Factors related to altered patterns of bowel mvmt

A
  1. Age related
  2. Medication
  3. Acute illness, surgery, anaesthesia
  4. Pain
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4
Q

Common bowel elimination problems

A
  1. Constipation
  2. Hemorrhoids
  3. Fecal impaction
  4. Flatulence
  5. Fecal incontinence
  6. Diarrhea
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5
Q

Constipation

A

-Defined in relation to person’s baseline
-hard dry lumpy stools
-abdominal pain, cramps, distension

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6
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

-dilated engorged veins in lining of rectum due to increased venous pressure
-symptoms: bleeding, pruritis, pain, edema

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7
Q

Fecal impaction

A

-result from unrelieved constipation
-collection of hardened feces
-loss if appetite, cramps, rectal pain
-fluid seeps around
-may require digital disimpaction

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8
Q

Fecal incontinence

A

-inability to control passage of feces and gas
-associated w impaired function of anal sphincter
-effects on social and psychological well-being

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9
Q

Flatulence

A

-100ml-200ml of gas in GI tract
-accumulation of gas in lumen of intestine cause bowel walls to stretch and leads to abdominal fullness, pain, intestinal bloating

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10
Q

Diarrhea

A

-increase in nb of stool a day and liquid unformed feces
-major causes: meds, allergies, intestinal disease, infectious organisms

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11
Q

Promote healthy diet

A
  1. 1,5-2L/day
  2. High fiber diet
  3. Reduce caffeine and alcohol
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12
Q

Activity promotion

A
  1. Daily physical activity
  2. Chair/bed exercise
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13
Q

Position for good bowel mvmt

A

Upright on toilet
Fowler’s

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14
Q

Bowel training

A
  1. Regular toileting
  2. Use laxatives
  3. Unhurried enviro
  4. Respond to urge of to BM ASAP
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15
Q

Defecation using bedpan

A

-if pt condition permits, the hob raised to 30-60 degrees
-impossible to contract muscles used during defecation in supine position

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16
Q

Urination synonyms

A

Voiding, micturition

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17
Q

First urge to vois starts when

A

Bladder is half full

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18
Q

Strong urge to void when bladder is at what

A

500ml

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19
Q

Voluntary control of urination is possible only if

A

Nervous system is intact

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20
Q

Function of kidneys

A

Remove waste and excess fluid from blood to form urine

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21
Q

Function of ureters

A

Transport urine from kidney to bladder

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22
Q

Bladder function

A

Reservoir for urine
Holds ~500ml comfortably
24h output: 1500-1600ml

23
Q

Urethra function

A

Urine exits through urethral meatus
Way larger in male than female

24
Q

Urine concentration

A

96% water, 4% solutes -> urea, creatinine, uric acid

25
Q

What is MIN amount if urine per hour

A

30 cc (30ml)

26
Q

Color of urine

A

Can go from pale straw color to amber (depends on [])

27
Q

Clarity of urine

A

Should be transparent

28
Q

Odour of urine

A

The more [] the stronger the odor

29
Q

Factors affecting urination

A
  1. Age
  2. Food intake
  3. Fluid intake
  4. Muscle tone
  5. Psychosocial factors (privacy, normal position, sufficient time)
  6. Medications (diuretics increase excretion, spinal anesthesia ->retention)
  7. Chronic disease (stroke, spinal cord injury
30
Q

Common alterations in urinary elimination

A
  1. Urinary tract infection
  2. Urinary incontinence
  3. Urinary retention
31
Q

Symptoms of uti

A
  1. Fever, chills, nausea, vomiting
  2. Dysuria, frequency, urgency
  3. Foul-smelling cloudy urine
  4. Hematuria
  5. Flank pain, lower back pain (if spreads to upper urinary tract)
32
Q

Causes of uti

A
  1. Urinary stasis
  2. Incomplete bladder emptying (immobility, dehydration)
  3. Poor perineal hygiene
  4. Urinary catheterization
    *women more susceptible to uti)
33
Q

Uti diagnosis

A

Urinalysis
Urine culture and sensitivity (C&S)

34
Q

Uti treatments and interventions

A

Antibiotics, adequate fluid intake
Teach abt risk factors, early recognition of symptoms, respond to urge to void, wipe front to back (women), showers rather than baths

35
Q

Urinary incontinence is

A

Involuntary loss of urine
Occurs along with other lower urinary tract syndrome

36
Q

Urinary incontinence causes

A

Utis, pregnancy, volume overload, delirium, fecal impaction, CVA, spinal cord injury, cognitive impairment

37
Q

Urinary retention is

A

Emptying of bladder is impaired, residual urine accumulates, bladder becomes overdistended

38
Q

Caused of urinary retention

A

-Prostatic hypertrophy, urethral obstruction, post surgery (general, spinal and regional anesthetics)
-meds
-others

39
Q

Urinary retention clinical manifestations

A

Distention, suprapubic pain/bloating, overflow of voiding/incontinence

40
Q

Urinary retention iterventions

A

Positioning
Relaxation techniques
Sound of running water
Catheterization
Bladder scan/PVR

41
Q

Common symptoms of urinary alterations

A

Oliguria
Anuria
Polyuria
Dribbling
Hematuria
Nocturia
Incontinence
Urgency
Dysuria
Frequency (more than 8x/hr)
Hesitancy
Elevated postvoid residual urine

42
Q

Oliguria

A

Low urine output, < 400ml/day or < 30ml/hr

43
Q

Anuria

A

Absence of urine production

44
Q

Polyuria

A

Abnormally large amount of urine produced

45
Q

Dribbling

A

Leakage of urine despite voluntary control

46
Q

Hematuria

A

passage of visible blood mixed with urine

47
Q

Nocturia

A

Number of times urine is passed during main sleep period

48
Q

Dysuria

A

Difficult or painful voiding

49
Q

Hesitancy

A

Delay and difficulty in initiating voiding, associated with dysuria

50
Q

Promote fluid

A

1500ml-2000ml a day, reduce caffeine and alcohol

51
Q

Position for maximal emptying

A

Standing for males, squatting for females
If in bed, sitting position on bedpan

52
Q

Relaxation to promote urinary elimination

A

-No rushing
-warm towels
-warm water poured over female perineum
-sound of running water
-stroking inner thigh
-analgesia

53
Q

Timing to promote urination

A

Respond to urge as soon as possible
Maintain regular pattern of elimination (q3h-q4h)

Nursing (24 decks)

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