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UN Elimination Flashcards

1
Q

Ideal bristol stool type

A

3&4

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2
Q

Factors affecting normal bowel elimination

A
  1. Diet
  2. Fluid intake
  3. Physical activity
  4. Personal bowel elimination habits
  5. Privacy
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3
Q

Factors related to altered patterns of bowel mvmt

A
  1. Age related
  2. Medication
  3. Acute illness, surgery, anaesthesia
  4. Pain
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4
Q

Common bowel elimination problems

A
  1. Constipation
  2. Hemorrhoids
  3. Fecal impaction
  4. Flatulence
  5. Fecal incontinence
  6. Diarrhea
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5
Q

Constipation

A

-Defined in relation to person’s baseline
-hard dry lumpy stools
-abdominal pain, cramps, distension

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6
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

-dilated engorged veins in lining of rectum due to increased venous pressure
-symptoms: bleeding, pruritis, pain, edema

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7
Q

Fecal impaction

A

-result from unrelieved constipation
-collection of hardened feces
-loss if appetite, cramps, rectal pain
-fluid seeps around
-may require digital disimpaction

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8
Q

Fecal incontinence

A

-inability to control passage of feces and gas
-associated w impaired function of anal sphincter
-effects on social and psychological well-being

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9
Q

Flatulence

A

-100ml-200ml of gas in GI tract
-accumulation of gas in lumen of intestine cause bowel walls to stretch and leads to abdominal fullness, pain, intestinal bloating

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10
Q

Diarrhea

A

-increase in nb of stool a day and liquid unformed feces
-major causes: meds, allergies, intestinal disease, infectious organisms

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11
Q

Promote healthy diet

A
  1. 1,5-2L/day
  2. High fiber diet
  3. Reduce caffeine and alcohol
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12
Q

Activity promotion

A
  1. Daily physical activity
  2. Chair/bed exercise
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13
Q

Position for good bowel mvmt

A

Upright on toilet
Fowler’s

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14
Q

Bowel training

A
  1. Regular toileting
  2. Use laxatives
  3. Unhurried enviro
  4. Respond to urge of to BM ASAP
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15
Q

Defecation using bedpan

A

-if pt condition permits, the hob raised to 30-60 degrees
-impossible to contract muscles used during defecation in supine position

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16
Q

Urination synonyms

A

Voiding, micturition

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17
Q

First urge to vois starts when

A

Bladder is half full

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18
Q

Strong urge to void when bladder is at what

A

500ml

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19
Q

Voluntary control of urination is possible only if

A

Nervous system is intact

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20
Q

Function of kidneys

A

Remove waste and excess fluid from blood to form urine

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21
Q

Function of ureters

A

Transport urine from kidney to bladder

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22
Q

Bladder function

A

Reservoir for urine
Holds ~500ml comfortably
24h output: 1500-1600ml

23
Q

Urethra function

A

Urine exits through urethral meatus
Way larger in male than female

24
Q

Urine concentration

A

96% water, 4% solutes -> urea, creatinine, uric acid

25
What is MIN amount if urine per hour
30 cc (30ml)
26
Color of urine
Can go from pale straw color to amber (depends on [])
27
Clarity of urine
Should be transparent
28
Odour of urine
The more [] the stronger the odor
29
Factors affecting urination
1. Age 2. Food intake 3. Fluid intake 4. Muscle tone 5. Psychosocial factors (privacy, normal position, sufficient time) 6. Medications (diuretics increase excretion, spinal anesthesia ->retention) 7. Chronic disease (stroke, spinal cord injury
30
Common alterations in urinary elimination
1. Urinary tract infection 2. Urinary incontinence 3. Urinary retention
31
Symptoms of uti
1. Fever, chills, nausea, vomiting 2. Dysuria, frequency, urgency 3. Foul-smelling cloudy urine 4. Hematuria 5. Flank pain, lower back pain (if spreads to upper urinary tract)
32
Causes of uti
1. Urinary stasis 2. Incomplete bladder emptying (immobility, dehydration) 3. Poor perineal hygiene 4. Urinary catheterization *women more susceptible to uti)
33
Uti diagnosis
Urinalysis Urine culture and sensitivity (C&S)
34
Uti treatments and interventions
Antibiotics, adequate fluid intake Teach abt risk factors, early recognition of symptoms, respond to urge to void, wipe front to back (women), showers rather than baths
35
Urinary incontinence is
Involuntary loss of urine Occurs along with other lower urinary tract syndrome
36
Urinary incontinence causes
Utis, pregnancy, volume overload, delirium, fecal impaction, CVA, spinal cord injury, cognitive impairment
37
Urinary retention is
Emptying of bladder is impaired, residual urine accumulates, bladder becomes overdistended
38
Caused of urinary retention
-Prostatic hypertrophy, urethral obstruction, post surgery (general, spinal and regional anesthetics) -meds -others
39
Urinary retention clinical manifestations
Distention, suprapubic pain/bloating, overflow of voiding/incontinence
40
Urinary retention iterventions
Positioning Relaxation techniques Sound of running water Catheterization Bladder scan/PVR
41
Common symptoms of urinary alterations
Oliguria Anuria Polyuria Dribbling Hematuria Nocturia Incontinence Urgency Dysuria Frequency (more than 8x/hr) Hesitancy Elevated postvoid residual urine
42
Oliguria
Low urine output, < 400ml/day or < 30ml/hr
43
Anuria
Absence of urine production
44
Polyuria
Abnormally large amount of urine produced
45
Dribbling
Leakage of urine despite voluntary control
46
Hematuria
passage of visible blood mixed with urine
47
Nocturia
Number of times urine is passed during main sleep period
48
Dysuria
Difficult or painful voiding
49
Hesitancy
Delay and difficulty in initiating voiding, associated with dysuria
50
Promote fluid
1500ml-2000ml a day, reduce caffeine and alcohol
51
Position for maximal emptying
Standing for males, squatting for females If in bed, sitting position on bedpan
52
Relaxation to promote urinary elimination
-No rushing -warm towels -warm water poured over female perineum -sound of running water -stroking inner thigh -analgesia
53
Timing to promote urination
Respond to urge as soon as possible Maintain regular pattern of elimination (q3h-q4h)

Nursing (24 decks)

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